Questions and Answers
Where are blood cells produced at different stages of development?
Bone marrow and thymus
What are the two types of bone marrow and their basic structure?
Red and yellow bone marrow; red is for blood cell production and yellow is for energy storage
How does a single type of multipotential stem cell give rise to two lineages (myeloid cells and lymphocytes)?
Through asymmetric cell division
What happens at each stage of erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and lymphocytopoiesis?
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What are the general effects of growth factors on blood cell development?
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What is the meaning of 'poiesis' in 'hematopoiesis'?
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Where does the production of new blood cells occur after birth?
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What gives rise to all the lymphocytes?
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Which type of bone marrow is characterized by the presence of a great number of adipocytes?
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What are the two types of bone marrow based on their appearance?
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In response to severe blood loss, which type of bone marrow can become red bone marrow at any time in life?
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What is the main site of hematopoiesis in adults?
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Where do RBCs, WBCs, and platelets enter the circulation after their production in the bone marrow?
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What is the process of blood cell formation from established blood cell precursors known as?
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What structure is considered to be a type of connective tissue and is found in cavities in spongy/trabecular/cancellous bone?
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What term refers to the process where one daughter cell remains a stem cell while the other goes on to terminally differentiate?
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What is the component of red bone marrow that consists of reticular cells, reticular fibers, hematopoietic cells, and a few adipocytes?
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Where do lymphocytes also form, apart from the red bone marrow?
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What is the progenitor for both monocytes and granulocytes?
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Where do B lymphocytes complete their development?
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What is the characteristic feature of promonocytes?
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What is the average number of monocytes formed by an adult every day?
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Which type of leukemia results in a highly cellular bone marrow with peripheral cytopenias?
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Which factor stimulates blood coagulation and is contained in platelet granules?
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How do platelets originate in adults?
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How do erythrocytes enter the sinusoid in the red bone marrow?
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What is a characteristic feature of myelogenous leukemias?
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"Diapedesis" refers to which specific process?
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"Thrombopoiesis" involves which cell producing between 5,000 and 10,000 platelets?
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What is a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma?
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Which cell type has the shortest maturation time in the bone marrow?
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During which stage does a cell lose evident basophilia but still retains some polyribosomes?
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Which growth factor is synthesized and secreted by the kidney in response to decreased blood oxygen concentration?
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What is the main function of erythropoietin (EPO) on the surface of CFU-E in the bone marrow?
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What is the significance of a 'shift to the left' in the context of blood analysis?
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Which cell type is associated with an abnormal increase of bilirubin and may result in jaundice?
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What is the main function of hematopoietic growth factors?
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What is the life span of RBCs?
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What does a 'reticulocyte' become after it expels its nucleus?
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What happens to the cell size during the development of erythrocytes?
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What is the main function of reticulocytes in the bone marrow?
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What is the main function of platelets?
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Study Notes
- Hematopoiesis, also known as hemopoiesis, is the process of blood cell formation from established blood cell precursors.
- After birth, blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
- A single hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow gives rise to two main lines: the lymphoid lineage, which produces all lymphocytes, and the myeloid lineage, which produces all other mature blood cells.
- Hemopoiesis occurs in several organs during fetal development, including the yolk sac and liver.
- Bone marrow is a large organ found in the spongy bone and diaphysis, with two types based on appearance: red and yellow.
- Red bone marrow contains a 3-dimensional meshwork of reticular cells, hematopoietic cells, and a few adipocytes, where blood cells develop. Sinusoids are the blood vessels where mature blood cells enter the circulation.
- The stroma of bone marrow is composed of reticular cells, fibers, and ground substance, which support developing cells and interact with them through integrins.
- Sinusoids are formed by sinusoidal capillaries and lined by endothelial cells, allowing mature blood cells to enter the circulation.
- The lifespan and circulation time vary for different types of blood cells.
- Erythropoiesis is the development of erythrocytes, which involves the cell getting smaller, condensing the nucleus, and gaining hemoglobin. It takes approximately 7 days for a proerythroblast to develop into a reticulocyte and enter the bloodstream.- Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream
- ERYTHROCYTE (RBC): The mature form of the red blood cell, devoid of polyribosomes
- Reticulocyte: A near maturated erythrocyte with fimbriated cytoplasmic processes, remnants of mitochondria and endosomes
- Almost all erythrocytes are released into circulation as reticulocytes immediately after formation
- Bone marrow does not function as a storage site for erythrocytes
- Blood smear stained with cresyl blue is used to identify reticulocytes
- Reticulocytes account for 1-2% of RBCs in the bloodstream, but their percentage can increase up to 28% following blood loss
- Erythrocytes undergo maturation and are released into circulation as reticulocytes
- Hematopoietic growth factors, secreted proteins that bind to receptors on target cells, control the process of erythrocyte production and release.
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