Questions and Answers
Where are blood cells produced at different stages of development?
Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
What are the two types of bone marrow and their basic structure?
Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
How does a single type of multipotential stem cell give rise to two lineages (myeloid cells and lymphocytes)?
By undergoing mitosis
What are the general effects of growth factors on blood cell development?
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Where does blood cell formation primarily occur in adults?
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What is the process of blood cell formation called?
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What component of the bone marrow provides support for developing blood cells?
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What is the approximate daily production of new blood cells in a healthy adult?
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Where does hemopoiesis occur in fetuses before bone marrow formation?
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What is the primary site of blood cell formation in newborns?
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Where do mature blood cells enter the circulation after production in bone marrow?
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What are the two types of bone marrow?
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Which blood cell type has the shortest maturation period in the marrow but can circulate for days to decades?
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What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO) in the process of erythropoiesis?
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What is the primary cause for an abnormal increase in bilirubin, leading to jaundice or icterus?
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Which blood cell type is stored in bone marrow as a reserve pool rather than being released into circulation immediately after formation?
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What is the process of granulocyte development from their progenitor cells known as?
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Which type of blood cell undergoes several stages during development, including proerythroblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte?
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What controls erythropoiesis?
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What is the primary function of Erythropoietin (EPO)?
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What is the primary function of Erythropoietin (EPO)?
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What is a common cause for an abnormal increase in bilirubin leading to jaundice or icterus?
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Which cells share the same progenitor, GFU-GM, during monocytopoiesis?
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What is the color of the cytoplasm in promonocyte?
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After entering connective tissue, what do monocytes transform into?
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What do hematopoietic stem cells produce in lymphopoiesis?
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What is produced by myeloid stem cells in lymphopoiesis?
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Where do some lymphoid stem cells migrate to and become T lymphocytes?
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Where do B lymphocytes differentiate?
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Where do leukemias occur?
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What results in a highly cellular marrow, causing complications such as infection, hemorrhage, and anemia?
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How do platelets originate from red bone marrow?
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How do RBCs enter the bloodstream?
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During monocytopoiesis, which cells have the potential for further division?
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Study Notes
- Monocytes and granulocytes share the same progenitor, GFU-GM, during monocytopoiesis
- Monocyte progenitor (promonocyte) has a bluish cytoplasm and numerous azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
- Every day, an average adult forms over 10 billion monocytes, which transform into macrophages after entering connective tissue
- In lymphopoiesis, hematopoietic stem cells produce myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
- Myeloid stem cells produce CFU-GEMM, while lymphoid stem cells produce CFU-L
- Some lymphoid stem cells migrate to the thymus and become T lymphocytes, while others differentiate into B lymphocytes within bone marrow
- Leukemias are malignant clones of leukocyte precursors that occur in bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
- Leukemias result in a highly cellular marrow, causing complications such as infection, hemorrhage, and anemia
- In myelogenous leukemia, bone marrow contains mostly leukemic cells, leading to a lack of normal hematopoiesis and peripheral cytopenias
- Platelets originate from the red bone marrow by fragmentation of megakaryocytes, which each produce 5,000 to 10,000 platelets
- Megakaryocytes form thin processes that cross the sinusoid wall and fragment at their tips to release platelets
- RBCs enter the bloodstream by a pressure gradient that exists across the sinusoid wall, while WBCs cross by their own activity (diapedesis)
- During monocytopoiesis, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes have the potential for further division, while granulocytes do not.
- Metastases to bone marrow can occur, such as metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, which can be identified through markers like AE-1 and confirmed through bone scans and marrow biopsies.
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