Hematology Review

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A patient's blood work reveals a pH of 7.30. What does this indicate about the patient's blood pH level?

The patient's blood pH indicates alkalosis.
The patient's blood pH is slightly alkaline.
The patient's blood pH is slightly acidic. (correct)
The patient's blood pH is within the normal range.

If a patient has a condition that reduces the amount of albumin produced by the liver, which of the following might you expect to observe?

Decreased osmotic pressure in the blood. (correct)
Increased production of antibodies.
Increased blood viscosity.
Elevated levels of metal ions in the blood.

Which of the following is a critical role of erythrocytes that is directly related to their unique biconcave shape and high hemoglobin content?

Defending the body against pathogens and infections.
Synthesizing plasma proteins for blood clotting.
Maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Efficiently transporting gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. (correct)

How would significant damage to a patient's red bone marrow likely affect their blood composition?

Reduced production of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for erythrocytes to be flexible?

To allow the cells to squeeze through narrow capillaries. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of Factor XIII in coagulation?

It enhances the fibrin mesh, strengthening the clot. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antithrombin III limits clot growth?

By inhibiting intrinsic pathway factors and inactivating unbound thrombin. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a vitamin K deficiency. How might this affect hemostasis?

It would impair clot formation due to the reduced synthesis of clotting factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in clot degeneration?

It converts plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

The intrinsic pathway involves clotting factors present within the blood, while the extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue factor outside the blood. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are packed red blood cells (PRBCs) often preferred over whole blood transfusions?

PRBCs primarily restore oxygen-carrying capacity without the risk of volume overload. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is embolism?

Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus that has traveled from another site. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the retraction phase contribute to clot stabilization and degeneration?

It pulls the edges of the ruptured vessel together, aiding in healing. (C) Signup and view all the answers

An individual at high altitude may develop secondary polycythemia. Why does this occur?

Increased red blood cell production in response to lower oxygen levels. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does liver disease typically lead to bleeding disorders?

By impairing the synthesis of clotting factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombocytopenia, and why can it lead to bleeding disorders?

A deficiency of platelets, impairing the ability to form blood clots. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nitric oxide and prostacyclin (PGI2) released by endothelial cells in maintaining hemostasis?

They inhibit platelet sticking and activation, acting as intrinsic anticoagulants. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does rapid blood flow help limit clot growth?

It dilutes and washes away clotting factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During diagnostic blood tests, what information can be gained from a differential WBC count?

The relative proportions of each type of white blood cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient undergoing chemotherapy develops a low red blood cell count. Which condition is this patient most likely experiencing?

Anemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes that directly relates to their primary function?

They lack mitochondria, relying on anaerobic ATP production. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

To bind reversibly with oxygen, facilitating its transport. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would stimulate erythropoiesis?

Tissue hypoxia (low oxygen levels). (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are Vitamin B12 and folic acid essential for erythropoiesis?

They are necessary for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bilirubin after heme is degraded?

It is secreted by the liver in bile into the intestines. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of histamine released by basophils?

It promotes chemotaxis of WBCs and vasodilation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do T cells contribute to the immune system?

By directly targeting virus-infected cells and tumor cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of monocytes once they migrate into tissues?

Differentiating into macrophages to phagocytize pathogens and activate lymphocytes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) in hemostasis?

They keep platelets inactive and mobile by preventing adhesion. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Following damage to a blood vessel, what is the initial step in hemostasis?

Vascular spasm. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does von Willebrand factor play in platelet plug formation?

It helps platelets bind to exposed collagen at the site of vessel damage. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of neutrophils?

Phagocytizing bacteria and undergoing respiratory bursts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do eosinophils contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

By targeting parasites and amplifying the inflammatory response. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Thymus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is directly responsible for the activation of the positive feedback loop in platelet plug formation?

ADP and Thromboxane A2 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Plasma

The liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of its volume. It's 90% water and contains over 100 dissolved solutes.

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells that transport oxygen throughout the body. They are small, biconcave, and lack a nucleus when mature.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A protein in red blood cells responsible for binding and transporting oxygen.

Spectrin

A protein that provides flexibility to red blood cells, allowing them to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries.