Hematology Flashcards - Chapter 15
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Questions and Answers

What is hematology?

  • Study of the heart
  • Study of organs
  • Study of blood (correct)
  • Study of muscles

    • What are the functions of blood?

    Transport oxygen from lungs to cells, picks up waste material, regulation of fluid, electrolyte balance, acid balance, body temperature and protection from infections.

    What does blood viscosity refer to?

    The stickiness of the blood and its ease of flow through blood vessels.

    What are the two parts that blood is composed of?

    <p>Plasma and formed elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is plasma?

    <p>A pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water, containing proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are plasma proteins responsible for?

    <p>Regulating fluid volume, protecting the body from pathogens, and preventing excessive blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum?

    <p>The plasma minus the clotting proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are red blood cells also called?

    <p>Erythrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are white blood cells also referred to as?

    <p>Leukocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do platelets do?

    <p>They protect the body from bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hematocrit?

    <p>The percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hematopoiesis?

    <p>The process of blood cell formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of blood cells?

    <p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the two types of hemopoietic tissue found in adults?

    <p>Red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myeloid hemopoiesis?

    <p>Blood formation in the red bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the red bone marrow produce different types of blood cells?

    <p>They are produced from the same stem cell in the red bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do lymphocytes and monocytes originate?

    <p>In the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a megakaryocyte?

    <p>A large blood cell that breaks up into tiny cell fragments called platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myelosuppression?

    <p>When the bone marrow cannot produce enough blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aplastic anemia?

    <p>A severe deficiency of red blood cells due to depressed bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leukopenia?

    <p>Deficiency of white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Inadequate numbers of platelets, leading to a high risk for hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polycythemia vera?

    <p>Excess production of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is erythropoiesis?

    <p>The production of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reticulocyte?

    <p>An immature red blood cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by decreased oxygenation and cell death?

    <p>Sickle cell disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do red blood cells live?

    <p>120 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a patient's hematocrit measure?

    <p>The percentage of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is TPA short for?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of TPA?

    <p>It acts as a clot buster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate RBC production?

    <p>Erythropoietin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are immature erythrocytes called?

    <p>Reticulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal blood donor type?

    <p>Type O negative blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect to see in a patient who has overdosed on Coumadin?

    <p>Bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lacking in a person who develops pernicious anemia after a gastrectomy?

    <p>Intrinsic factor that absorbs vitamin B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal recipient type?

    <p>Type AB blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intrinsic factor?

    <p>It is normally secreted by the lining of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from the inability to secrete adequate intrinsic factor?

    <p>Pernicious anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do red blood cells undergo when they are broken down rapidly?

    <p>Hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is excess bilirubin in blood called?

    <p>Hyperbilirubinemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an increase in white blood cells called?

    <p>Leukocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the production of white blood cells called?

    <p>Leukopoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are white blood cells that contain granules called?

    <p>Granulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are white blood cells that don't contain granules called?

    <p>Agranulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of granulocytes?

    <p>Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neutrophils?

    <p>The most common granulocyte, involved in phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are eosinophils primarily involved in?

    <p>Response to parasitic infection and allergies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do basophils do?

    <p>Release of heparin and absorb dark blue stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of agranulocytes?

    <p>Lymphocytes and monocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

    <p>Immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of monocytes?

    <p>Phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are segs?

    <p>Mature neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are band cells?

    <p>Immature neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in band cells compared to segs indicate?

    <p>Shift to the left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thrombopoiesis?

    <p>The production of platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the failure of the bone marrow to replace platelets adequately?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is complete blood count?

    <p>It provides the normal range of the numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does differential count indicate?

    <p>The percentage of each type of WBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemostasis?

    <p>The process that stops bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the events of hemostasis?

    <p>Blood vessel spasm, formation of platelet plug, and blood clotting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a blood vessel is injured?

    <p>The smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall contracts in a process called vascular spasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the formation of a platelet plug?

    <p>Platelets become sticky and form a plug to stop bleeding at the injury site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are drugs that affect clotting called?

    <p>Antiplatelet, anticoagulants, and fibrinolytic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of antiplatelet drugs?

    <p>Aspirin, NSAIDs, and clopidogrel (Plavix).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of anticoagulants?

    <p>Heparin (antithrombin) and Coumadin (warfarin).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fibrinolytic?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a thrombus?

    <p>A blood clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thrombosis?

    <p>The process of blood clot formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deep vein thrombosis?

    <p>A clot in the deep veins of the legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does plasmin do?

    <p>Dissolves the clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is clot retraction?

    <p>The clot becomes smaller as water is squeezed out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fibrinolysis?

    <p>Dissolving process that helps remove clots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antigen?

    <p>Any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a blood antibody?

    <p>A protein that binds to a foreign substance in order to destroy it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of blood?

    <p>A, B, AB, O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes type A blood?

    <p>Has the A antigen on the RBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes type B blood?

    <p>Has the B antigen on the RBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes type AB blood?

    <p>Has both A and B antigens on the RBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes type O blood?

    <p>Has neither A nor B antigen on the RBC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies does a person with type A blood have?

    <p>Anti-B antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies does a person with type B blood have?

    <p>Anti-A antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a person with type AB blood have in regards to antibodies?

    <p>Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a person with type O blood have in regards to antibodies?

    <p>Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is agglutination?

    <p>Clumping of the antigen-antibody interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemolysis refer to?

    <p>Red blood cells bursting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a RBC contains the RH factor, how is the blood classified?

    <p>RH-positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a RBC lacks the RH factor, how is the blood classified?

    <p>RH-negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anisocytosis?

    <p>Unequal-sized RBCs, often found in anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What large protein molecule do red blood cells contain?

    <p>Hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts of hemoglobin?

    <p>Globin (protein) and heme (iron).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oxyhemoglobin?

    <p>Oxygenated hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the CO2-hemoglobin complex called?

    <p>Carbaminohemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cyanosis?

    <p>A sign of hypoxemia, a deficiency of O2 in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the body need to make adequate amounts of hemoglobin?

    <p>Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a diet deficient in iron result in?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the RBCs of a person with iron deficiency anemia described?

    <p>Microcytic (small cell size) and hypochromic (pale).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intrinsic factor?

    <p>Is normally secreted by the lining of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematology and Blood Functions

    • Hematology is the study of blood and its components.
    • Blood serves multiple functions: oxygen transport, waste removal, fluid and electrolyte regulation, acid-base balance, temperature control, and infection protection.

    Blood Composition

    • Blood consists of two primary components: plasma and formed elements.
    • Plasma is a pale yellow fluid comprising mostly water, proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste products.
    • Key plasma proteins include albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins.

    Blood Cells

    • Three main types of blood cells: red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
    • RBCs (erythrocytes) transport oxygen to tissues.
    • WBCs (leukocytes) are involved in immune protection.
    • Platelets (thrombocytes) play a crucial role in blood clotting and preventing bleeding.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Hematocrit measures the percentage of blood cells in a sample.
    • Hemopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, occurring in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue.
    • Myeloid hemopoiesis refers specifically to blood formation in red bone marrow.

    Blood Cell Characteristics

    • RBCs have a life span of approximately 120 days and are produced from stem cells.
    • Reticulocytes are immature RBCs that indicate ongoing erythropoiesis.
    • Lymphocytes and monocytes originate in the bone marrow.

    Blood Disorders

    • Myelosuppression is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough cells, leading to various blood deficiencies:
      • Aplastic anemia results from a severe reduction in red blood cell production.
      • Leukopenia denotes a deficiency of white blood cells.
      • Thrombocytopenia indicates low platelet count, increasing hemorrhage risk.

    Blood Cell Count and Types

    • A complete blood count provides normal ranges for RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
    • A differential count shows the percentage of each WBC type.
    • Neutrophils are the most common granulocytes, important for phagocytosis.

    Hemostasis and Coagulation

    • Hemostasis is the process that stops bleeding and involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.
    • Drugs affecting clotting include antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel), anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, warfarin), and fibrinolytics (e.g., TPA).

    Blood Typing and Compatibility

    • Blood types include A, B, AB, and O, categorized based on the presence of A and B antigens on RBCs.
    • A universal blood donor is type O negative, while a universal recipient is type AB.
    • Antigens provoke immune responses, leading to antibody production against foreign substances.

    Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport

    • Hemoglobin, comprised of globin (protein) and heme (iron), is essential for oxygen transport.
    • Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to oxygen, while carbaminohemoglobin is the CO2-hemoglobin complex.

    Nutritional Needs for Blood Production

    • Adequate hemoglobin synthesis requires iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein.
    • Iron deficiency anemia results from insufficient iron, leading to microcytic and hypochromic RBCs.

    Other Relevant Conditions

    • Hyperbilirubinemia occurs due to hemolysis, which can lead to jaundice.
    • Cyanosis indicates hypoxemia, a deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
    • Anisocytosis refers to unequal-sized red blood cells, often found in anemia.

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    Explore key concepts in hematology with this set of flashcards focusing on blood functions, viscosity, and more. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of blood and its critical roles in the body.

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