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Questions and Answers
Hematology is primarily concerned with the study of blood and its disorders.
Hematology is primarily concerned with the study of blood and its disorders.
True (A)
Blood makes up about 10-12% of an adult's body weight.
Blood makes up about 10-12% of an adult's body weight.
False (B)
The pH range of normal blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
The pH range of normal blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
True (A)
Leukemias and lymphomas are classified as genetic disorders.
Leukemias and lymphomas are classified as genetic disorders.
Blood temperature is typically around 38 degrees Celsius.
Blood temperature is typically around 38 degrees Celsius.
The liquid phase of blood consists solely of red blood cells.
The liquid phase of blood consists solely of red blood cells.
Immune hemolytic anemia is an example of a hemostatic disease.
Immune hemolytic anemia is an example of a hemostatic disease.
Blood has a specific gravity that varies between individuals from 1.050 to 1.060.
Blood has a specific gravity that varies between individuals from 1.050 to 1.060.
Plasma is composed of 92% water and 8% substances such as proteins and ions.
Plasma is composed of 92% water and 8% substances such as proteins and ions.
Serum contains fibrinogen, which is essential for blood clot formation.
Serum contains fibrinogen, which is essential for blood clot formation.
Albumin constitutes 60% of plasma proteins and helps maintain osmotic pressure.
Albumin constitutes 60% of plasma proteins and helps maintain osmotic pressure.
Globulin accounts for 50% of the plasma proteins.
Globulin accounts for 50% of the plasma proteins.
Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of red blood cells.
Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of red blood cells.
The normal adult plasma volume is 25-45 ml/kg of body weight.
The normal adult plasma volume is 25-45 ml/kg of body weight.
All plasma proteins, except gamma-globulin, are produced by the heart.
All plasma proteins, except gamma-globulin, are produced by the heart.
Fibrinogen accounts for 4% of plasma proteins and is involved in the immune system.
Fibrinogen accounts for 4% of plasma proteins and is involved in the immune system.
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Study Notes
Hematology
- Study of blood, bone marrow, and hemostasis system
- Includes diseases like genetic, immune, and malignancies
- Historically important for understanding gene structure, chromosomal abnormalities, and molecular biology of neoplasia
- Early successes in treating hematologic malignancies
Blood
- Transports substances throughout the body
- Makes up 6-8% of body weight in adults
- Average volume: 5 liters (3 liters in veins, 1 liter in arteries, 1 liter in lungs)
- Specific gravity: 1.050 to 1.060
- Viscosity: 2-5 times that of water
- Salinity: 0.85
Blood Functions
- Respiration: Transports oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- Nutrition: Transports absorbed food materials from digestive system to the rest of the body
- Excretion: Transports metabolic wastes to kidneys, lungs, skin, and intestines for removal
- Acid-Base Balance: Maintains blood pH (7.35-7.45)
- Water Balance: Regulates water exchange between blood and tissues
- Body Temperature Regulation: Distributes body heat (Normal Blood temperature: 38C)
- Defense Against Infection: White blood cells and circulating antibodies
- Hormone Transport: Regulates metabolism and metabolites
Blood Composition
- Liquid Phase: Water, electrolytes (Na, Ca, HCO3, Cl), proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins, and hormones
- Solid Phase (Formed Elements): Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells), Leukocytes (White Blood Cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), and Platelets
Plasma
- Makes up 55% of blood
- Normal adult plasma volume: 25-45 ml/kg of body weight
- Specific gravity: 1.027
- Pale yellow fluid composed of 92% water and 8% substances (proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste products)
- Plasma Proteins: Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
- Albumin (60%): Maintains osmotic pressure, determines water movement between tissues and blood
- Globulin (36%): Includes antibodies and complement, important for immune system
- Fibrinogen (4%): Responsible for blood clot formation
Plasma Volume
- Remains relatively constant
- Regulated by water intake (digestive tract) and loss (kidneys, lungs, digestive tract, and skin)
Composition of Plasma
- Electrolytes: Cations (Na+, K+, Mg++) and anions (Cl-, HCO3-, SO4-, PO4-)
- Proteins: Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, transferrin, heptoglobulin, and hemopoietin
- Other Contents: Cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, glucose, urea, uric acid, iron, and coagulation factors
Plasma Protein Functions
- Osmotic Pressure: Albumin maintains osmotic pressure, hypoalbuminemia leads to edema
- Transport System: Albumin carries Ca+2, bilirubin, sulfa drugs. Alpha-globulin carries B12, thyroxin (T3), and cortisol. Beta-globulin carries cholesterol, lipids, insulin, vitamin A, PO4, and K+
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