Hematology: Blood Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range of hemoglobin (HgB) in adult males?

  • 10-12
  • 14-18 (correct)
  • 7-10
  • 12-16

    • Iron is better absorbed when taking vitamin C.

    True

    What happens to unconjugated bilirubin in the liver?

    Unconjugated bilirubin becomes conjugated and water soluble in the liver.

    Hemoglobin is affected by _________ concentration.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their functions in RBC production:

    <p>Vitamin B12 = Important for RBC DNA synthesis Folic acid = Prevents DNA changes that may cause cancer and important for RBC maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the breakdown of the heme portion of blood, which produces bilirubin?

    <p>Heme degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for polycythemia?

    <p>Phlebotomy (goal is to decrease hematocrit levels).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulse oximeter shows _________ saturation.

    <p>HgB O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the body does not get enough oxygen, leading to an increase in erythropoietin release?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albumin in blood?

    <p>Regulation of fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three precursors of blood cell types that stem cells develop into?

    <p>Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow maintains a reserve supply of _______________ that can last up to 120 days.

    <p>RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their functions:

    <p>Erythropoietin = Increases RBCs Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) = Helps with cell production Neupogen (filgrastim) = Increases WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs have a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three essential nutrients required for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Folate, Iron, B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biconcave shape of RBCs increases their _______________ and _______________ for oxygen.

    <p>flexibility, surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lifespan of platelets in the blood?

    <p>7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of folic acid in RBC production?

    <p>To prevent DNA changes that may cause cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilirubin is excreted in the urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to iron from heme when RBCs are destroyed?

    <p>It is recycled in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Androgens, hypoxia, or anemia can stimulate the release of ______________________ to increase RBC production.

    <p>erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the body does not get enough oxygen, leading to an increase in erythropoietin release?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whole milk is a good source of iron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions in RBC production:

    <p>Iron = Needed for heme synthesis Vitamin B12 = Important for RBC DNA Folic acid = Important for RBC maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lack of _______________ can cause anemia and neurological issues.

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the breakdown of the heme portion of blood?

    <p>Hemoglobinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lifespan of RBCs in the body?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood in the human body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    99% of blood cells are white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three essential nutrients required for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Folate, Iron, and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells develop into three precursors of blood cells types: _______________, _______________, and _______________.

    <p>Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs have a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their functions in blood cell production:

    <p>Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) = stimulates the production of circulating blood cells Erythropoietin = stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow Neupogen (filgrastim) = increases WBCs Epogen (erythropoietin) = increases RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lifespan of RBCs in the blood?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin in blood?

    <p>Fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biconcave shape of RBCs increases their _______________ and _______________ for oxygen.

    <p>flexibility, surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of erythropoiesis in the human body?

    <p>To produce red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of albumin in blood is to regulate fluid balance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three essential nutrients required for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Folate, Iron, and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biconcave shape of RBCs increases their ________________ and ________________ for oxygen.

    <p>flexibility, surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions in blood cell production:

    <p>Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) = Helps with cell production Erythropoietin = Stimulates RBC production Stem Cells = Develop into precursors of blood cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood cells are red blood cells?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow maintains a reserve supply of RBCs that can last up to __________ days.

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood in the human body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Folic acid is important for DNA synthesis during RBC production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to RBCs after 120 days?

    <p>RBCs are destroyed by macrophages, and the iron from heme is recycled in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lack of __________ can cause anemia and neurological issues.

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions in RBC production:

    <p>Iron = Important for heme synthesis Vitamin B12 = Important for DNA synthesis Folic acid = Prevents DNA changes that may cause cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the body does not get enough oxygen, leading to an increase in erythropoietin release?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilirubin is excreted in the urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of erythropoietin?

    <p>Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ is the term for the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow.

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their effects on oxygen binding to hemoglobin:

    <p>Acidosis = Decreases oxygen binding Alkalosis = Increases oxygen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the breakdown of the heme portion of blood?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoietin is secreted by the liver to stimulate bone marrow RBC production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the body does not get enough oxygen, leading to an increase in erythropoietin release?

    <p>Hypoxia or anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron is stored in the liver as _______________.

    <p>ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their functions in RBC production:

    <p>Vitamin B12 = Important for RBC DNA synthesis and prevention of megaloblastic anemia Folic acid = Important for RBC DNA synthesis and maturation, and prevention of neural tube defects Vitamin C = Important for iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the destruction of RBCs?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilirubin is excreted in the urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that binds and contains four O2 molecules?

    <p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaerobic method of energy production uses _______________ for energy.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by excessive RBCs?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of blood in the human body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow maintains a reserve supply of platelets that can last up to 120 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three essential nutrients required for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Folate, Iron, and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biconcave shape of RBCs increases their _______________ and _______________ for oxygen.

    <p>flexibility, surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions in blood cell production:

    <p>Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) = Helps with cell production Erythropoietin = Stimulates RBC production Folate = Required for erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood cells are RBCs?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin in blood?

    <p>Fluid balance and coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells develop into three precursors of blood cells types: _______________, _______________, and _______________.

    <p>Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs have a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transferrin in the body?

    <p>To transport iron in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Folic acid is important for RBC DNA synthesis and maturation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the yellow color deposited into tissues when bilirubin is not broken down?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lack of _____ can cause anemia and neurological issues.

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions in RBC production:

    <p>Iron = Essential for heme synthesis Vitamin B12 = Important for RBC DNA synthesis Folic acid = Important for RBC DNA synthesis and maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the body does not get enough oxygen, leading to an increase in erythropoietin release?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow maintains a reserve supply of RBCs that can last up to 120 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen saturation is found in arterial blood?

    <p>95-100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their effects on oxygen binding to hemoglobin:

    <p>High oxygen concentration = Increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin Low oxygen concentration = Decreases oxygen binding to hemoglobin Acidosis = Decreases oxygen binding to hemoglobin Alkalosis = Increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood in the human body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood volume consists only of plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three essential nutrients required for erythropoiesis?

    <p>Folate, Iron, and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow maintains a reserve supply of RBCs that can last up to __________ days.

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their functions in blood cell production:

    <p>Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) = Stimulates production of circulating blood cells Erythropoietin = Stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of immature RBCs (Reticulocytes)?

    <p>They live for 1 day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumin in blood?

    <p>Regulation of fluid balance, coagulation, and binding (Fe2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biconcave shape of RBCs increases their _______________ and _______________ for oxygen.

    <p>flexibility, surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood cells are RBCs?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematology (RBCs)

    • Jobs of Blood: transportation of nutrients, oxygen, RBCs, waste products, and hormones; regulation of acid-base balance, fluid balance, and heat regulation; and protection through antibodies, phagocytes, and clotting.
    • Blood volume consists of plasma and cells, with plasma making up 55% and containing albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen as major solutes.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Formation of blood cells takes place in the bone marrow, with stem cells differentiating into granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes.
    • Stem cells can be uncommitted or committed, with colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) controlling the production of circulating blood cells.
    • CSFs can be naturally occurring hormones or artificial, such as Neupogen (filgrastim) and Epogen (erythropoietin).

    Erythropoiesis

    • Formation of RBCs requires "FIB" (folate, iron, and B12), and is stimulated by hypoxia, low RBC count, and erythropoietin.
    • Characteristics of RBCs: 4-6 million per microliter, no nucleus, and biconcave shape for flexibility and increased surface area.
    • Immature RBCs are reticulocytes, which live for one day and increase in count with increased erythropoietin.

    Elements for HbG Formation

    • Iron is a mineral essential for heme synthesis, stored in the liver as ferritin, and transported by transferrin.
    • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is stored in the liver and necessary for RBC DNA synthesis, while folate (B9) is important for RBC DNA synthesis and maturation.

    RBC, O2, and CO2 Transport

    • O2 binds with heme of HgB, with arterial blood having 95-100% saturation and venous blood having 70% saturation.
    • Pulse oximeter shows HgB O2 saturation, and acidosis or alkalosis affects O2 binding.

    Influences on Erythropoiesis

    • Androgens, hypoxia, anemia, and erythropoietin stimulate RBC production.

    Destruction of RBC

    • RBCs are destroyed by macrophages after 120 days, with iron being recycled in the bone marrow and heme being converted to bilirubin.

    Excessive RBCs

    • Polycythemia is characterized by excessive RBC production, causing hyperviscosity and symptoms such as chest pain, SOB, and clot formation.
    • Causes of polycythemia include hypoxia, smoking, pulmonary/cardiac diseases, erythropoietin overproduction, malignant tumors, and genetic disorders.
    • Treatment involves phlebotomy to decrease hematocrit levels.

    Hematology (RBCs)

    • Jobs of Blood: transportation of nutrients, oxygen, RBCs, waste products, and hormones; regulation of acid-base balance, fluid balance, and heat regulation; and protection through antibodies, phagocytes, and clotting.
    • Blood volume consists of plasma and cells, with plasma making up 55% and containing albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen as major solutes.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Formation of blood cells takes place in the bone marrow, with stem cells differentiating into granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes.
    • Stem cells can be uncommitted or committed, with colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) controlling the production of circulating blood cells.
    • CSFs can be naturally occurring hormones or artificial, such as Neupogen (filgrastim) and Epogen (erythropoietin).

    Erythropoiesis

    • Formation of RBCs requires "FIB" (folate, iron, and B12), and is stimulated by hypoxia, low RBC count, and erythropoietin.
    • Characteristics of RBCs: 4-6 million per microliter, no nucleus, and biconcave shape for flexibility and increased surface area.
    • Immature RBCs are reticulocytes, which live for one day and increase in count with increased erythropoietin.

    Elements for HbG Formation

    • Iron is a mineral essential for heme synthesis, stored in the liver as ferritin, and transported by transferrin.
    • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is stored in the liver and necessary for RBC DNA synthesis, while folate (B9) is important for RBC DNA synthesis and maturation.

    RBC, O2, and CO2 Transport

    • O2 binds with heme of HgB, with arterial blood having 95-100% saturation and venous blood having 70% saturation.
    • Pulse oximeter shows HgB O2 saturation, and acidosis or alkalosis affects O2 binding.

    Influences on Erythropoiesis

    • Androgens, hypoxia, anemia, and erythropoietin stimulate RBC production.

    Destruction of RBC

    • RBCs are destroyed by macrophages after 120 days, with iron being recycled in the bone marrow and heme being converted to bilirubin.

    Excessive RBCs

    • Polycythemia is characterized by excessive RBC production, causing hyperviscosity and symptoms such as chest pain, SOB, and clot formation.
    • Causes of polycythemia include hypoxia, smoking, pulmonary/cardiac diseases, erythropoietin overproduction, malignant tumors, and genetic disorders.
    • Treatment involves phlebotomy to decrease hematocrit levels.

    Hematology (RBCs)

    • Blood consists of plasma and cells, with plasma making up 55% and cells making up 45%
    • Plasma is a clear yellow fluid containing albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
    • Blood volume is approximately 5.3L in women and 7.6L in men

    Hematopoiesis

    • Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow
    • Stem cells develop into three precursors of blood cell types: granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
    • Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) helps with cell production and can be given artificially to increase production
    • Uncommitted stem cells can develop into any kind of cell, while committed stem cells are a Colony Forming Unit to a certain line

    Erythropoiesis

    • Formation of RBCs requires FIB (folate, iron, and B12)
    • RBCs are made in the bone marrow and begin after birth
    • Characteristics of RBCs include:
      • 4-6 million RBCs per microliter of blood
      • No nucleus
      • Biconcave shape
      • Immature RBCs are reticulocytes that live for 1 day
    • HbG levels: men 14-18, women 12-16; transfusions should be given to people with HgB less than 7

    Elements for HbG Formation

    • Iron:
      • Mineral needed for heme synthesis
      • Most iron is in HbG, but some is stored in the liver as ferritin
      • Iron is reused to produce new RBCs
      • Transported by transferrin
      • Iron is better absorbed with vitamin C
    • Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin):
      • Stored in the liver until needed
      • Important for RBC DNA synthesis
      • Lack of B12 inhibits DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anemia
    • Folic Acid (Folate - B9):
      • Important for RBC DNA synthesis
      • Prevents DNA changes that may cause cancer
      • Important for RBC maturation
      • Low B9:
        • Causes anemia
        • Manifestations include anorexia, SOB, weakness, irritability, nausea, and glossitis

    RBC, O2, and CO2 Transport

    • O2 binds with heme of HgB
    • Arterial blood has 95-100% saturation, while venous blood has 70% saturation
    • Pulse oximeter shows HgB O2 saturation
    • Acidosis: low pH level, increases H+ ions, and decreases oxygen pick-up from the lungs
    • Alkalosis: increases oxygen pick-up from the lungs

    Influences on Erythropoiesis

    • Androgens
    • Hypoxia or anemia: tissues not getting enough oxygen, erythropoietin is released, and bone marrow increases RBC production
    • Erythropoietin:
      • Secreted by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow RBC production
      • Artificial: Epogen, hold or reduce based on HbG levels (hold over 10)

    Destruction of RBC

    • RBCs are destroyed after 120 days by macrophages
    • Iron from heme is recycled in the bone marrow
    • Heme is turned to bilirubin and conjugated in the liver and excreted in the bile
    • Jaundice in babies: liver is immature, phototherapy is used

    Excessive RBCs

    • Polycythemia:
      • Causes: hypoxia, smoking, pulmonary/cardiac diseases, erythropoietin overproduction, malignant tumors, genetic disorder, and newborn babies
      • Secondary polycythemia: overload in adults, causes include OSA and COPD
      • Manifestations of hyperviscosity:
        • Increase in viscosity: harder to pump through smaller vessels
        • Chest pain, SOB, clot formation, leg pain (with or without swelling), and increased platelet count
      • Treatment: phlebotomy (goal is to decrease hematocrit levels)

    Hematology (RBCs)

    • Blood consists of plasma and cells, with plasma making up 55% and cells making up 45%
    • Plasma is a clear yellow fluid containing albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
    • Blood volume is approximately 5.3L in women and 7.6L in men

    Hematopoiesis

    • Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow
    • Stem cells develop into three precursors of blood cell types: granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
    • Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) helps with cell production and can be given artificially to increase production
    • Uncommitted stem cells can develop into any kind of cell, while committed stem cells are a Colony Forming Unit to a certain line

    Erythropoiesis

    • Formation of RBCs requires FIB (folate, iron, and B12)
    • RBCs are made in the bone marrow and begin after birth
    • Characteristics of RBCs include:
      • 4-6 million RBCs per microliter of blood
      • No nucleus
      • Biconcave shape
      • Immature RBCs are reticulocytes that live for 1 day
    • HbG levels: men 14-18, women 12-16; transfusions should be given to people with HgB less than 7

    Elements for HbG Formation

    • Iron:
      • Mineral needed for heme synthesis
      • Most iron is in HbG, but some is stored in the liver as ferritin
      • Iron is reused to produce new RBCs
      • Transported by transferrin
      • Iron is better absorbed with vitamin C
    • Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin):
      • Stored in the liver until needed
      • Important for RBC DNA synthesis
      • Lack of B12 inhibits DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anemia
    • Folic Acid (Folate - B9):
      • Important for RBC DNA synthesis
      • Prevents DNA changes that may cause cancer
      • Important for RBC maturation
      • Low B9:
        • Causes anemia
        • Manifestations include anorexia, SOB, weakness, irritability, nausea, and glossitis

    RBC, O2, and CO2 Transport

    • O2 binds with heme of HgB
    • Arterial blood has 95-100% saturation, while venous blood has 70% saturation
    • Pulse oximeter shows HgB O2 saturation
    • Acidosis: low pH level, increases H+ ions, and decreases oxygen pick-up from the lungs
    • Alkalosis: increases oxygen pick-up from the lungs

    Influences on Erythropoiesis

    • Androgens
    • Hypoxia or anemia: tissues not getting enough oxygen, erythropoietin is released, and bone marrow increases RBC production
    • Erythropoietin:
      • Secreted by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow RBC production
      • Artificial: Epogen, hold or reduce based on HbG levels (hold over 10)

    Destruction of RBC

    • RBCs are destroyed after 120 days by macrophages
    • Iron from heme is recycled in the bone marrow
    • Heme is turned to bilirubin and conjugated in the liver and excreted in the bile
    • Jaundice in babies: liver is immature, phototherapy is used

    Excessive RBCs

    • Polycythemia:
      • Causes: hypoxia, smoking, pulmonary/cardiac diseases, erythropoietin overproduction, malignant tumors, genetic disorder, and newborn babies
      • Secondary polycythemia: overload in adults, causes include OSA and COPD
      • Manifestations of hyperviscosity:
        • Increase in viscosity: harder to pump through smaller vessels
        • Chest pain, SOB, clot formation, leg pain (with or without swelling), and increased platelet count
      • Treatment: phlebotomy (goal is to decrease hematocrit levels)

    Hematology (RBCs)

    • Blood consists of plasma and cells, with plasma making up 55% and cells making up 45%
    • Plasma is a clear yellow fluid containing albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
    • Blood volume is approximately 5.3L in women and 7.6L in men

    Hematopoiesis

    • Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow
    • Stem cells develop into three precursors of blood cell types: granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
    • Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) helps with cell production and can be given artificially to increase production
    • Uncommitted stem cells can develop into any kind of cell, while committed stem cells are a Colony Forming Unit to a certain line

    Erythropoiesis

    • Formation of RBCs requires FIB (folate, iron, and B12)
    • RBCs are made in the bone marrow and begin after birth
    • Characteristics of RBCs include:
      • 4-6 million RBCs per microliter of blood
      • No nucleus
      • Biconcave shape
      • Immature RBCs are reticulocytes that live for 1 day
    • HbG levels: men 14-18, women 12-16; transfusions should be given to people with HgB less than 7

    Elements for HbG Formation

    • Iron:
      • Mineral needed for heme synthesis
      • Most iron is in HbG, but some is stored in the liver as ferritin
      • Iron is reused to produce new RBCs
      • Transported by transferrin
      • Iron is better absorbed with vitamin C
    • Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin):
      • Stored in the liver until needed
      • Important for RBC DNA synthesis
      • Lack of B12 inhibits DNA synthesis and causes megaloblastic anemia
    • Folic Acid (Folate - B9):
      • Important for RBC DNA synthesis
      • Prevents DNA changes that may cause cancer
      • Important for RBC maturation
      • Low B9:
        • Causes anemia
        • Manifestations include anorexia, SOB, weakness, irritability, nausea, and glossitis

    RBC, O2, and CO2 Transport

    • O2 binds with heme of HgB
    • Arterial blood has 95-100% saturation, while venous blood has 70% saturation
    • Pulse oximeter shows HgB O2 saturation
    • Acidosis: low pH level, increases H+ ions, and decreases oxygen pick-up from the lungs
    • Alkalosis: increases oxygen pick-up from the lungs

    Influences on Erythropoiesis

    • Androgens
    • Hypoxia or anemia: tissues not getting enough oxygen, erythropoietin is released, and bone marrow increases RBC production
    • Erythropoietin:
      • Secreted by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow RBC production
      • Artificial: Epogen, hold or reduce based on HbG levels (hold over 10)

    Destruction of RBC

    • RBCs are destroyed after 120 days by macrophages
    • Iron from heme is recycled in the bone marrow
    • Heme is turned to bilirubin and conjugated in the liver and excreted in the bile
    • Jaundice in babies: liver is immature, phototherapy is used

    Excessive RBCs

    • Polycythemia:
      • Causes: hypoxia, smoking, pulmonary/cardiac diseases, erythropoietin overproduction, malignant tumors, genetic disorder, and newborn babies
      • Secondary polycythemia: overload in adults, causes include OSA and COPD
      • Manifestations of hyperviscosity:
        • Increase in viscosity: harder to pump through smaller vessels
        • Chest pain, SOB, clot formation, leg pain (with or without swelling), and increased platelet count
      • Treatment: phlebotomy (goal is to decrease hematocrit levels)

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    This quiz covers the components and functions of blood, including the roles of red blood cells, plasma, and blood cells in transportation, regulation, and protection. Learn about the different types of blood cells and their importance in maintaining overall health.

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