10 Questions
What is the most likely cause of deep tissue bleeding, such as hematomas or hemarthrosis, according to the text?
Plasma clotting factor deficiencies
Why does the pulse rate increase in trauma victims with significant blood loss?
To compensate for the decrease in blood pressure
What is the definition of massive transfusion according to the text?
Administration of 4 to 5 RBC units within 1 hour or 8 to 10 units within 24 hours
What is the relationship between the systolic blood pressure and the pulse rate in trauma victims with significant blood loss?
The systolic blood pressure decreases while the pulse rate increases
Which of the following is considered a superficial bleeding disorder according to the text?
Epistaxis (nosebleed)
What is the primary hemostatic defect that can lead to conditions like petechiae, epistaxis, or gingival bleeding?
Platelet defect or vascular disorder
What is the significance of epistaxis (nosebleed) lasting for more than 10 minutes and occurring repeatedly?
It could be a sign of a problem with the patient's platelets or blood vessels
What is the primary function of the increase in pulse rate observed in trauma victims with significant blood loss?
To maintain blood pressure and perfusion
Which type of bleeding disorder is typically associated with plasma clotting factor deficiencies?
Deep tissue bleeding disorders
What is the primary cause of the decrease in systolic blood pressure observed in trauma victims with significant blood loss?
Loss of blood volume
Study Notes
Bleeding Disorders: Terminology and Clinical Findings
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Petechiae: pinpoint hemorrhagic spots in the skin, size ≤ 2mm, caused by loss of capillary ability to withstand normal blood pressure and trauma, indicative of primary hemostasis problem.
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Purpura: hemorrhagic spots in the skin, size ≈ 3mm (up to 1cm), purplish red, caused by loss of capillary ability to withstand normal blood pressure and trauma, indicative of primary hemostasis problem.
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Ecchymosis: bruise, size > 1cm, form of purpura in which blood escapes into large areas of skin and mucous membranes, but not into deep tissues, indicative of primary hemostasis problem.
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Hematomas: hemorrhage of blood into small areas of skin, mucous membranes, and other tissues, causing swelling, suffix "-oma" indicates benign swelling.
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Hemarthrosis: leakage of blood into joint cavities.
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Hematemesis: vomiting of blood.
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Hematuria: presence of RBCs in urine.
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Hemoglobinuria: presence of hemoglobin (Hgb) in urine.
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Melena: stool containing dark red or black blood, indicating bleeding from upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, or small intestine).
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Hematochezia: red stool, indicating bleeding from lower GI tract (colon or large intestine).
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Menorrhagia: excessive menstrual bleeding.
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Hemoptysis: coughing out of blood.
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Easy bruiseability: used to describe individuals with frequent and repeated occurrences of purpura and ecchymosis.
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Coagulopathies: disorders of primary or secondary hemostasis that exhibit generalized bleeding or hemorrhage.
Clinical Manifestations of Bleeding Disorders
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Superficial bleeding: petechiae, epistaxis (nosebleed), or gingival bleeding, usually associated with platelet defects or vascular disorders.
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Deep tissue bleeding: hematomas or hemarthrosis, usually associated with plasma clotting factor deficiencies.
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Massive transfusion: administration of 4 to 5 RBC units within 1 hour or 8 to 10 units within 24 hours, essential in healthy trauma victims when systolic blood pressure is less than 110 mm Hg, pulse is greater than 105 beats/min.
Learn about disorders of hemostasis in hematology during the Prelims Batch Mo 'Ko Iniwan lesson 4 on fibrinolysis. This lecture covers basic terminology for clinical findings in bleeding disorders, including petechiae and purpura.
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