Hematological & Endocrine Disorders Medications
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of iron in the human body?

  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Transport of glucose
  • Production of hemoglobin (correct)
  • Formation of white blood cells

Which form of anemia is characterized by a shortage of healthy red blood cells due to damage to the bone marrow?

  • Aplastic anemia (correct)
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Vitamin deficiency anemia

Which medication is used to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia?

  • Potassium chloride
  • Ferrous sulfate (correct)
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Magnesium hydroxide

Anemia can lead to which of the following symptoms due to reduced oxygen transport?

<p>Tiredness and weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is anemia commonly diagnosed?

<p>Complete blood count (CBC) and bone marrow aspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of anemia is specifically associated with a deficiency in vitamin B12?

<p>Vitamin deficiency anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of iron dextran?

<p>Treatment of iron deficiency anemia via IV or IM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of anemia mentioned?

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serum folic acid level indicates folic acid deficiency?

<p>Less than 5 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa?

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is the principal electrolyte found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypokalemia?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should potassium be administered intravenously to prevent complications?

<p>Dilute the potassium preparation before infusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population may require electrolyte replacement drugs due to kidney disease?

<p>Patients with electrolyte imbalances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does potassium play in the body?

<p>It is essential for cell membrane potential and excitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is given to patients receiving epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa?

<p>Varied diet adequate in protein and minerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

<p>Induce the synthesis and release of adrenocorticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with growth hormone therapy?

<p>Pain at the injection site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with Diabetes Mellitus due to elevated blood glucose levels?

<p>Myocardial infarction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can somatostatin be pharmacologically used to treat?

<p>Acromegaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH?

<p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of insulin?

<p>Alkaline-acting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insulin have on potassium levels in the blood?

<p>Moves potassium into cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment in women?

<p>Ovarian cysts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of somatostatin on anterior pituitary hormones?

<p>Inhibits GH and TSH release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is NOT considered a hypoglycemic agent for Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Fibrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary mechanism by which insulin promotes cellular function?

<p>Promotes glucose transport into cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic use does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) have?

<p>Diagnostic tool for adrenal function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about growth hormone (somatotropin) is correct?

<p>It directly affects organs or mediates through insulin-like growth factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with insulin therapy?

<p>Hypoglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a stimulation for hormone secretion?

<p>GLP-1 Receptor agonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

<p>Insulin resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if extravasation occurs in a patient receiving sodium bicarbonate?

<p>Elevate the affected limb and apply warm compresses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of ammonium chloride?

<p>GI distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true regarding the use of ascorbic acid in therapy?

<p>It provides hydrogen ions to acidify the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when administering tromethamine for over 24 hours?

<p>Signs of phlebitis or irritation at the IV site. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmacodynamic action of Methotrexate?

<p>Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic effect does acetazolamide have on bicarbonate?

<p>Increases the excretion of bicarbonate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Methotrexate therapy?

<p>Bone marrow suppression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition indicates the need to withhold ammonium chloride therapy?

<p>Twitching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs do chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide belong to?

<p>Alkylating agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacotherapeutic use is NOT indicated for Methotrexate?

<p>Diabetes Mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do nitrogen mustards utilize to cause cell death?

<p>Alkylation of DNA molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing implementation is crucial when administering cytarabine?

<p>Administer with allopurinol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect do pyrimidine analogues primarily have on cancer cells?

<p>They kill cancer cells through interference with nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate nursing care action to reduce nausea when administering Methotrexate?

<p>Give an antiemetic prior to the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones play in the endocrine system?

<p>They regulate and integrate the body's metabolic activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing implementation for patients receiving methotrexate?

<p>Store methotrexate in the refrigerator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anemia

A condition where the body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs). This can lead to feeling tired and weak because RBCs carry oxygen to the body's tissues and organs.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A type of anemia caused by a deficiency of iron, a key component of hemoglobin, which is responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A group of inherited blood disorders where the body produces abnormal hemoglobin, leading to crescent-shaped red blood cells that can block blood flow.

Thalassemia

A group of inherited blood disorders that affect the production of hemoglobin, leading to fewer red blood cells or abnormal red blood cells.

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Vitamin Deficiency Anemia

Anemia caused by a deficiency of certain vitamins, such as B12, folate, and vitamin B9, which are essential for red blood cell production.

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Iron's Role in Hemoglobin Production

Iron is a crucial mineral for the production of hemoglobin, the molecule responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells.

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Iron Supplements

Ferrous fumarate, Ferrous gluconate, Ferrous sulfate, Iron dextran (IV,IM), and Iron sucrose (IV) are medications used to treat iron deficiency anemia. They replenish iron levels in the body.

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Pharmacodynamics of Iron Supplements

Iron supplements are absorbed in the small intestine and used for the production of hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.

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Antineoplastic drugs

A group of drugs that inhibit cellular growth, used to treat cancer.

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Alkylation

A process by which a drug forms a strong bond with DNA, preventing cell replication.

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Antimetabolite drugs

A group of drugs that block the production of key substances needed for cell growth.

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Nitrogen mustards

A group of antineoplastic drugs that damage DNA by forming covalent bonds, ultimately leading to cell death.

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Acetazolamide

A drug that increases the excretion of bicarbonate ions, lowering blood pH.

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Ammonium chloride

A drug that lowers blood pH by being metabolized into urea and hydrochloric acid, providing hydrogen ions.

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Ascorbic acid

A drug that acidifies urine by providing hydrogen ions.

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Acidifying drugs

A medication used to treat metabolic alkalosis, also known as high blood pH.

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Hypokalemia

A condition where the body has an insufficient amount of potassium. This can be caused by factors like excessive vomiting, diarrhea, or kidney diseases.

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Hyperkalemia

A condition where the body has an excess amount of potassium. This can be dangerous and even life-threatening.

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Erythropoietin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells. It is used to treat anemia.

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Normocytic Anemia

A type of anemia characterized by abnormally large red blood cells. It is often associated with chronic kidney disease.

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Potassium

A major electrolyte found inside cells (ICF). It plays a crucial role in cell membrane potential, nerve and muscle function, and acid-base balance.

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Sodium

A major electrolyte found outside cells (ECF). It is essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction.

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Calcium

A mineral essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction. It is also a major electrolyte found outside cells (ECF).

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Magnesium

An electrolyte essential for numerous bodily functions including nerve and muscle function, blood sugar control, and blood pressure regulation. It is found inside cells (ICF).

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Methotrexate

A specific antimetabolite drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, leading to impaired DNA and RNA synthesis, ultimately killing cancer cells.

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Pyrimidine analogues

These drugs target the building blocks of DNA and RNA, interfering with their natural production and causing cell death.

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Capecitabine

A type of pyrimidine analogue that inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, used in the treatment of various cancers, particularly those affecting the digestive system.

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Cytarabine

A type of pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA synthesis, used in the treatment of acute leukemias and other cancers.

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Floxuridine

A type of pyrimidine analogue that inhibits the synthesis of thymine, a key building block of DNA, used in the treatment of various cancers, particularly those of the colon and rectum.

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Fluorouracil

A type of pyrimidine analogue that inhibits the synthesis of thymine and uracil, key building blocks of DNA and RNA, used in the treatment of a variety of cancers.

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The endocrine system

A group of glands that work together to regulate the body's functions by releasing hormones, chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream.

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A group of disorders characterized by either insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or resistance to insulin by cells, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

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Type 1 Diabetes

A type of diabetes where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes

A type of diabetes where the body develops resistance to insulin, causing high blood sugar.

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Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels, allowing glucose to enter cells for energy.

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Hypoglycemic Agents

A category of drugs used to lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.

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Biguanides

A type of hypoglycemic agent that helps the body use insulin more effectively.

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Sulfonylureas

A type of hypoglycemic agent that stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin.

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Thiazolidinediones

A type of hypoglycemic agent that improves insulin sensitivity in cells.

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ACTH Pharmacodynamics

ACTH binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex, prompting the synthesis and release of cortisol and adrenal androgens.

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ACTH Therapeutic Use

ACTH can be used to diagnose adrenal disorders by assessing the body's response to its administration.

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Growth Hormone Mechanism

Growth hormone (GH) directly influences organs or acts through insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).

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Growth Hormone Therapeutic Use

GH is used to treat growth hormone deficiencies in children and adults.

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Somatostatin Mechanism

Somatostatin is released from the hypothalamus and binds to receptors on the pituitary to suppress GH and TSH release.

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Somatostatin Therapeutic Use

Somatostatin is used to treat acromegaly, a condition caused by excessive GH production.

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GnRH Physiological Role

GnRH triggers the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary, regulating reproductive processes.

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GnRH Pharmacodynamics

GnRH analogs suppress gonadotropin release by binding to pituitary receptors and preventing hormone stimulation.

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Study Notes

Hematological & Endocrine Disorders Medications

  • This presentation covers medications for hematological and endocrine disorders.
  • Learning objectives include discussing pharmacotherapy for these disorders, describing side effects, interactions, and contraindications for various medications, and using the nursing process to care for patients taking these medications.
  • Part I discusses acid-base imbalance, cancer drugs, blood drugs, electrolyte imbalance, and anemia as related to hematological disorders.
  • Common hematological disorders include fluid & acid-base disorders, blood disorders, coagulation disorders, anemia, leukemia, and cancer.
  • Anemia is due to a significant shortage of red blood cells, making a person feel tired and weak. RBCs transport oxygen. Anemia can be detected using a CBC and bone marrow aspiration. There are different types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and vitamin deficiency anemia.
  • Iron supplementation is used to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia, and it is important for hemoglobin production. Common adverse effects include gastric irritation, constipation, dark stool, and teeth staining. Iron dextran, iron sucrose carry a higher risk of an anaphylactic reaction.
  • Vitamin B12, Cyanocobalamin, and Hydroxocobalamin are essential for cell growth and myelin maintenance, and are involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Adverse effects include itching, rash, hypokalemia, polycythemia, peripheral thrombosis, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and anaphylaxis. Treatment can be provided using IV fluids, electrolytes to compensate for any deficiencies, and oral nutrition or feeding tubes.
  • Folic acid is essential for cell growth and replication and is important in preventing megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects. Adverse effects include itching, erythema, altered sleep patterns, difficulties concentrating, irritability, overactivity, etc. Administration should be done separately to prevent interaction with other drugs/medications.
  • Erythropoietin is used to treat normocytic anemia, including conditions such as Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), and HIV. Adverse effects include hypertension, joint pain, skin reactions at the injection site, deep vein thrombosis, and transient ischemic attack.
  • Electrolyte imbalance is a result of too much or too little minerals in the body. This can be caused by kidney disease and other issues. Replacement medications are usually inorganic or organic salts.
  • Potassium is the primary intracellular electrolyte, and calcium is a major extracellular electrolyte. Magnesium is important in homeostasis.
  • Potassium serum (acetate, chloride, gluconate, phosphate) is essential in nerve and muscle excitability, proper tissue functioning, nerve impulse transmission, tissue growth and repair, and acid-base balance. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and injection site reactions (oral and IV).
  • Calcium serum (carbonate, chloride, gluconate, lactate, citrate) is essential for nerve and muscle excitability, heart, kidney, and lung function, blood coagulation, cell membrane and capillary permeability, and bone and tooth formation.
  • Magnesium serum (sulfate IV or oxide oral) is essential in the transmission of nerve impulses, helping to activate enzymes for carbohydrate and protein metabolism. It's important in regulating ICF calcium levels. It's used to treat hypomagnesemia, preeclamptic and eclamptic seizure, and acute nephritis in children.
  • Sodium chloride is essential to maintain osmotic pressure and concentration inside and outside cells, balance, water balance, nerve conduction, and neuromuscular function, and glandular secretion. Excessive doses can lead to pulmonary edema.
  • Acid-base imbalance relates to the body's balance between acidity and alkalinity. Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis are caused by imbalances in the production and excretion of acids and bases by kidneys. Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis are related to changes in carbon dioxide exhalation due to breathing disorders.
  • Alkalinizing drugs (Sodium bicarbonate, citrate, lactate, Tromethamine) are solutions/drugs meant to lower the concentration of hydrogen ion and increase blood pH. Side effects include metabolic alkalosis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (oral), and injection site reactions (IV). Extravasation (excessive leakage of fluid) can occur if the injection is not properly administered. Administration requires caution as it can cause a rapid elevation of the body's pH.
  • Acidifying drugs (Acetazolamide, Ammonium chloride, Ascorbic acid) lower blood pH by increasing bicarbonate excretion. They aid in blood/urine acidification by hydrogen ion provision. Side effects include metabolic acidosis, GI distress, hemolytic anemia (ascorbic acid), and aplastic anemia (acetazolamide). Twitching can be a sign of ammonium toxicity.

Cancer Medications

  • Antineoplastic medications are used to treat cancer.
  • Alkylating drugs (Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide, Stramsutine, Ifosfamide), antimetabolites (methotrexate, and pyrimidine analogues like capecitabine, or fluoruracil), and nitrosoureas (Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin), are chemotherapeutic drugs that target rapidly-dividing cells, including cancer cells. These drugs work by harming cancer cells, leading to their death and preventing them from spreading.
  • Adverse effects include bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, reversible hair loss, and more. Proper handling, administration, and disposal routines must be followed.
  • Immunosuppressed patients may have lowered white blood cell or granulocyte counts and may require infection control.

Endocrine Drugs

  • The presentation lists various endocrine drugs and related procedures for diagnosing and treating conditions related to different endocrine glands.
  • Drugs related to Hypo/hyperthyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus, Pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.
  • The presentation discusses natural hormones, synthetic analogs, and drugs to stimulate or suppress hormone secretion related to many disorders.

Nursing Process

  • The nursing process (Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, Intervention, Evaluation) is vital when administering hematological & endocrine medications.

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Hematological & Endocrine Disorders Medications PDF 2024-2025

Description

This quiz focuses on the pharmacotherapy for hematological and endocrine disorders. Learn about various medications, their side effects, interactions, and the nursing process involved in patient care. Topics include anemia, blood disorders, and treatment protocols.

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