Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of iron in the human body?
What is the primary role of iron in the human body?
Which form of anemia is characterized by a shortage of healthy red blood cells due to damage to the bone marrow?
Which form of anemia is characterized by a shortage of healthy red blood cells due to damage to the bone marrow?
Which medication is used to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia?
Which medication is used to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia?
Anemia can lead to which of the following symptoms due to reduced oxygen transport?
Anemia can lead to which of the following symptoms due to reduced oxygen transport?
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How is anemia commonly diagnosed?
How is anemia commonly diagnosed?
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Which of the following types of anemia is specifically associated with a deficiency in vitamin B12?
Which of the following types of anemia is specifically associated with a deficiency in vitamin B12?
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What is the primary use of iron dextran?
What is the primary use of iron dextran?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of anemia mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anemia mentioned?
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What serum folic acid level indicates folic acid deficiency?
What serum folic acid level indicates folic acid deficiency?
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What is the most common adverse effect of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa?
What is the most common adverse effect of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa?
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Which electrolyte is the principal electrolyte found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which electrolyte is the principal electrolyte found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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What is a common cause of hypokalemia?
What is a common cause of hypokalemia?
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How should potassium be administered intravenously to prevent complications?
How should potassium be administered intravenously to prevent complications?
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Which population may require electrolyte replacement drugs due to kidney disease?
Which population may require electrolyte replacement drugs due to kidney disease?
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What role does potassium play in the body?
What role does potassium play in the body?
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What dietary recommendation is given to patients receiving epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa?
What dietary recommendation is given to patients receiving epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa?
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What is the primary role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the primary role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
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Which of the following adverse effects is associated with growth hormone therapy?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with growth hormone therapy?
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What is a common complication associated with Diabetes Mellitus due to elevated blood glucose levels?
What is a common complication associated with Diabetes Mellitus due to elevated blood glucose levels?
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What condition can somatostatin be pharmacologically used to treat?
What condition can somatostatin be pharmacologically used to treat?
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Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH?
Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of insulin?
Which of the following is NOT a type of insulin?
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What effect does insulin have on potassium levels in the blood?
What effect does insulin have on potassium levels in the blood?
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Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment in women?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment in women?
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What is the effect of somatostatin on anterior pituitary hormones?
What is the effect of somatostatin on anterior pituitary hormones?
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Which drug class is NOT considered a hypoglycemic agent for Type 2 Diabetes?
Which drug class is NOT considered a hypoglycemic agent for Type 2 Diabetes?
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What is a primary mechanism by which insulin promotes cellular function?
What is a primary mechanism by which insulin promotes cellular function?
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What therapeutic use does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) have?
What therapeutic use does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) have?
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Which statement about growth hormone (somatotropin) is correct?
Which statement about growth hormone (somatotropin) is correct?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with insulin therapy?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with insulin therapy?
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Which of the following is considered a stimulation for hormone secretion?
Which of the following is considered a stimulation for hormone secretion?
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What is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
What is the primary cause of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
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What should be done if extravasation occurs in a patient receiving sodium bicarbonate?
What should be done if extravasation occurs in a patient receiving sodium bicarbonate?
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What is a potential adverse effect of ammonium chloride?
What is a potential adverse effect of ammonium chloride?
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Which is true regarding the use of ascorbic acid in therapy?
Which is true regarding the use of ascorbic acid in therapy?
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What should be monitored when administering tromethamine for over 24 hours?
What should be monitored when administering tromethamine for over 24 hours?
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What is the primary pharmacodynamic action of Methotrexate?
What is the primary pharmacodynamic action of Methotrexate?
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What therapeutic effect does acetazolamide have on bicarbonate?
What therapeutic effect does acetazolamide have on bicarbonate?
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Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Methotrexate therapy?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Methotrexate therapy?
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What condition indicates the need to withhold ammonium chloride therapy?
What condition indicates the need to withhold ammonium chloride therapy?
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Which category of drugs do chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide belong to?
Which category of drugs do chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide belong to?
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What pharmacotherapeutic use is NOT indicated for Methotrexate?
What pharmacotherapeutic use is NOT indicated for Methotrexate?
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What mechanism do nitrogen mustards utilize to cause cell death?
What mechanism do nitrogen mustards utilize to cause cell death?
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Which nursing implementation is crucial when administering cytarabine?
Which nursing implementation is crucial when administering cytarabine?
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Which effect do pyrimidine analogues primarily have on cancer cells?
Which effect do pyrimidine analogues primarily have on cancer cells?
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What is an appropriate nursing care action to reduce nausea when administering Methotrexate?
What is an appropriate nursing care action to reduce nausea when administering Methotrexate?
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What role do hormones play in the endocrine system?
What role do hormones play in the endocrine system?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing implementation for patients receiving methotrexate?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing implementation for patients receiving methotrexate?
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Study Notes
Hematological & Endocrine Disorders Medications
- This presentation covers medications for hematological and endocrine disorders.
- Learning objectives include discussing pharmacotherapy for these disorders, describing side effects, interactions, and contraindications for various medications, and using the nursing process to care for patients taking these medications.
- Part I discusses acid-base imbalance, cancer drugs, blood drugs, electrolyte imbalance, and anemia as related to hematological disorders.
- Common hematological disorders include fluid & acid-base disorders, blood disorders, coagulation disorders, anemia, leukemia, and cancer.
- Anemia is due to a significant shortage of red blood cells, making a person feel tired and weak. RBCs transport oxygen. Anemia can be detected using a CBC and bone marrow aspiration. There are different types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and vitamin deficiency anemia.
- Iron supplementation is used to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia, and it is important for hemoglobin production. Common adverse effects include gastric irritation, constipation, dark stool, and teeth staining. Iron dextran, iron sucrose carry a higher risk of an anaphylactic reaction.
- Vitamin B12, Cyanocobalamin, and Hydroxocobalamin are essential for cell growth and myelin maintenance, and are involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Adverse effects include itching, rash, hypokalemia, polycythemia, peripheral thrombosis, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and anaphylaxis. Treatment can be provided using IV fluids, electrolytes to compensate for any deficiencies, and oral nutrition or feeding tubes.
- Folic acid is essential for cell growth and replication and is important in preventing megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects. Adverse effects include itching, erythema, altered sleep patterns, difficulties concentrating, irritability, overactivity, etc. Administration should be done separately to prevent interaction with other drugs/medications.
- Erythropoietin is used to treat normocytic anemia, including conditions such as Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), and HIV. Adverse effects include hypertension, joint pain, skin reactions at the injection site, deep vein thrombosis, and transient ischemic attack.
- Electrolyte imbalance is a result of too much or too little minerals in the body. This can be caused by kidney disease and other issues. Replacement medications are usually inorganic or organic salts.
- Potassium is the primary intracellular electrolyte, and calcium is a major extracellular electrolyte. Magnesium is important in homeostasis.
- Potassium serum (acetate, chloride, gluconate, phosphate) is essential in nerve and muscle excitability, proper tissue functioning, nerve impulse transmission, tissue growth and repair, and acid-base balance. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and injection site reactions (oral and IV).
- Calcium serum (carbonate, chloride, gluconate, lactate, citrate) is essential for nerve and muscle excitability, heart, kidney, and lung function, blood coagulation, cell membrane and capillary permeability, and bone and tooth formation.
- Magnesium serum (sulfate IV or oxide oral) is essential in the transmission of nerve impulses, helping to activate enzymes for carbohydrate and protein metabolism. It's important in regulating ICF calcium levels. It's used to treat hypomagnesemia, preeclamptic and eclamptic seizure, and acute nephritis in children.
- Sodium chloride is essential to maintain osmotic pressure and concentration inside and outside cells, balance, water balance, nerve conduction, and neuromuscular function, and glandular secretion. Excessive doses can lead to pulmonary edema.
- Acid-base imbalance relates to the body's balance between acidity and alkalinity. Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis are caused by imbalances in the production and excretion of acids and bases by kidneys. Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis are related to changes in carbon dioxide exhalation due to breathing disorders.
- Alkalinizing drugs (Sodium bicarbonate, citrate, lactate, Tromethamine) are solutions/drugs meant to lower the concentration of hydrogen ion and increase blood pH. Side effects include metabolic alkalosis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (oral), and injection site reactions (IV). Extravasation (excessive leakage of fluid) can occur if the injection is not properly administered. Administration requires caution as it can cause a rapid elevation of the body's pH.
- Acidifying drugs (Acetazolamide, Ammonium chloride, Ascorbic acid) lower blood pH by increasing bicarbonate excretion. They aid in blood/urine acidification by hydrogen ion provision. Side effects include metabolic acidosis, GI distress, hemolytic anemia (ascorbic acid), and aplastic anemia (acetazolamide). Twitching can be a sign of ammonium toxicity.
Cancer Medications
- Antineoplastic medications are used to treat cancer.
- Alkylating drugs (Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide, Stramsutine, Ifosfamide), antimetabolites (methotrexate, and pyrimidine analogues like capecitabine, or fluoruracil), and nitrosoureas (Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin), are chemotherapeutic drugs that target rapidly-dividing cells, including cancer cells. These drugs work by harming cancer cells, leading to their death and preventing them from spreading.
- Adverse effects include bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, reversible hair loss, and more. Proper handling, administration, and disposal routines must be followed.
- Immunosuppressed patients may have lowered white blood cell or granulocyte counts and may require infection control.
Endocrine Drugs
- The presentation lists various endocrine drugs and related procedures for diagnosing and treating conditions related to different endocrine glands.
- Drugs related to Hypo/hyperthyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus, Pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.
- The presentation discusses natural hormones, synthetic analogs, and drugs to stimulate or suppress hormone secretion related to many disorders.
Nursing Process
- The nursing process (Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, Intervention, Evaluation) is vital when administering hematological & endocrine medications.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the pharmacotherapy for hematological and endocrine disorders. Learn about various medications, their side effects, interactions, and the nursing process involved in patient care. Topics include anemia, blood disorders, and treatment protocols.
