Questions and Answers
Where is blood produced?
Bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system (RES)
What is the term for a decrease in neutrophils, platelets, and lymphoid cells?
Myelosuppression
What is the term for a lack of cellular elements in circulating blood?
Cytopenia
What is the term for a depression of normal bone marrow cells in peripheral blood?
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What is the term for the lowest blood cell count?
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What type of white blood cells are involved in bacterial infections?
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What type of white blood cells are involved in allergies and parasitic infections?
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A decrease in the absolute number of circulating neutrophils is known as?
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What is the primary player in the line of defense against microorganisms?
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What is a medical emergency related to impaired phagocytosis?
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What is a risk factor for impaired phagocytosis?
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What is a common site of infection related to impaired phagocytosis?
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What is a measure of the severity of impaired phagocytosis?
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What is a preventative measure for impaired phagocytosis?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
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What is a common presenting symptom of impaired phagocytosis?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for impaired phagocytosis?
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What is the purpose of culturing urine, blood, and other bodily secretions in a patient with impaired phagocytosis?
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What is the purpose of administering colony-stimulating factors in a patient with impaired phagocytosis?
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What is a medical emergency related to impaired phagocytosis?
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What is the function of segmented neutrophils?
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Which of the following cells are responsible for humoral immunity?
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What is the risk of having a low neutrophil count?
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What is the term for the process by which neutrophils engulf and digest foreign particles?
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What is the function of basophils?
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What is the term for the lowest point of blood cell count?
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What is the term for a decrease in the production of blood cells in the bone marrow?
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Which of the following cells are involved in cellular immunity?
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What is a common presenting symptom of neutropenic fever?
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What is the primary purpose of administering colony-stimulating factors like Neupogen?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for neutropenic fever?
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What is the purpose of culturing urine, blood, and other bodily secretions in a patient with neutropenic fever?
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What is the classification of neutropenic fever based on?
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What is a medical emergency related to impaired phagocytosis?
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What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune system?
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What is the term for the process where monocytes differentiate into macrophages?
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What is the risk of having a low neutrophil count?
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What is the function of B cells in the immune system?
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What is the term for the depression of normal bone marrow cells in peripheral blood?
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What is the function of segmented neutrophils in the immune system?
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What is the term for the lowest point of blood cell count?
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What is the function of T cells in the immune system?
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Blood cells are produced in the ______ and reticuloendothelial system (RES)
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The ______ cascade starts with pluripotent stem cells and delineates into myeloid and lymphoid cells
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Granulocytes include ______, Eosinophils, and Basophils
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Monocytes are the largest ______ and have a short lifetime
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B cells are involved in ______ immunity
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A decrease in the absolute number of circulating neutrophils is known as ______
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You are at highest risk of developing infection at the ______ point of blood cell count
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T cells are involved in ______ immunity
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Neutrophils are the ______ player in the line of defense against microorganisms.
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A decrease in the absolute number of circulating neutrophils is known as ______ neutropenia.
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Sepsis is a ______ emergency related to impaired phagocytosis.
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Fever of 100.4 F or higher is a common ______ of infection.
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Cultures of urine, blood, and stool are taken to identify possible ______ such as UTI, C.Diff, and Thrush.
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The typically decrease in ______ is a indicator of neutropenic fever.
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Study Notes
Hematologic System Overview
- Bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system (RES) are responsible for producing blood cells
- Hematopoietic cascade: pluripotent stem cell → myeloid and lymphoid cells
Terms to Know
- Myelosuppression: decrease in neutrophils, platelets, and lymphoid cells (aka bone marrow suppression)
- Cytopenia: lack of cellular elements in circulating blood
- Pancytopenia: depression of normal bone marrow cells in peripheral blood (WBCs, RBCs, and Plt)
- Nadir: lowest blood cell count, when one is at highest risk of developing infection
White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Neutrophils:
- Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) with 6-hour life-time
- Engage in phagocytosis and fight bacterial infections
- Segmented (mature) and Bands (immature) forms
- Eosinophils: involved in allergies and parasitic infections
- Basophils: contain heparin and histamine, involved in viral infections
- Agranulocytes:
- Monocytes: largest WBC, short-lived, differentiate into macrophages
- Lymphocytes:
- B Cells: differentiate into Plasma Cells or Ig, involved in humoral immunity
- T Cells: involved in cellular immunity
Neutropenia
- Decrease in absolute number of circulating neutrophils (ANC)
- Concerns: impaired phagocytosis, decreased antibody production, decreased antigen recognition, slow immune response, decreased inflammatory response
- Medical emergency: sepsis, with classic signs and symptoms of infection (may only have Fever)
- Risk factors: advanced age, female, malignancy, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive meds
- Clinical manifestations: Fever 100.4 F or higher with common sites of infection (GI, Respiratory, GU, Indwelling devices, and CNS)
- Classification: based on # neutrophils, with closer to 0 indicating higher risk of infection rates
- Prevention of infection: hand hygiene, nutritious diet, no plants/flower, private room, and colony-stimulating factors (Neupogen)
Nursing Assessment for Neutropenic Fever
- Cultures: Urine, blood, stool, skin, throat/nasopharynx
- Blood culture: one drawn peripheral and one from venous access, or both drawn from either or
- Possible infections to look for: UTI, C.Diff, Thrush, Respiratory infections
- Note: Sputum is not usually present!!
Hematologic System Overview
- Bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system (RES) are responsible for producing blood cells
- Hematopoietic cascade: pluripotent stem cell → myeloid and lymphoid cells
Terms to Know
- Myelosuppression: decrease in neutrophils, platelets, and lymphoid cells (aka bone marrow suppression)
- Cytopenia: lack of cellular elements in circulating blood
- Pancytopenia: depression of normal bone marrow cells in peripheral blood (WBCs, RBCs, and Plt)
- Nadir: lowest blood cell count, when one is at highest risk of developing infection
White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Neutrophils:
- Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) with 6-hour life-time
- Engage in phagocytosis and fight bacterial infections
- Segmented (mature) and Bands (immature) forms
- Eosinophils: involved in allergies and parasitic infections
- Basophils: contain heparin and histamine, involved in viral infections
- Agranulocytes:
- Monocytes: largest WBC, short-lived, differentiate into macrophages
- Lymphocytes:
- B Cells: differentiate into Plasma Cells or Ig, involved in humoral immunity
- T Cells: involved in cellular immunity
Neutropenia
- Decrease in absolute number of circulating neutrophils (ANC)
- Concerns: impaired phagocytosis, decreased antibody production, decreased antigen recognition, slow immune response, decreased inflammatory response
- Medical emergency: sepsis, with classic signs and symptoms of infection (may only have Fever)
- Risk factors: advanced age, female, malignancy, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive meds
- Clinical manifestations: Fever 100.4 F or higher with common sites of infection (GI, Respiratory, GU, Indwelling devices, and CNS)
- Classification: based on # neutrophils, with closer to 0 indicating higher risk of infection rates
- Prevention of infection: hand hygiene, nutritious diet, no plants/flower, private room, and colony-stimulating factors (Neupogen)
Nursing Assessment for Neutropenic Fever
- Cultures: Urine, blood, stool, skin, throat/nasopharynx
- Blood culture: one drawn peripheral and one from venous access, or both drawn from either or
- Possible infections to look for: UTI, C.Diff, Thrush, Respiratory infections
- Note: Sputum is not usually present!!
Hematologic System Overview
- Bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system (RES) are responsible for producing blood cells
- Hematopoietic cascade: pluripotent stem cell → myeloid and lymphoid cells
Terms to Know
- Myelosuppression: decrease in neutrophils, platelets, and lymphoid cells (aka bone marrow suppression)
- Cytopenia: lack of cellular elements in circulating blood
- Pancytopenia: depression of normal bone marrow cells in peripheral blood (WBCs, RBCs, and Plt)
- Nadir: lowest blood cell count, when one is at highest risk of developing infection
White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Neutrophils:
- Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) with 6-hour life-time
- Engage in phagocytosis and fight bacterial infections
- Segmented (mature) and Bands (immature) forms
- Eosinophils: involved in allergies and parasitic infections
- Basophils: contain heparin and histamine, involved in viral infections
- Agranulocytes:
- Monocytes: largest WBC, short-lived, differentiate into macrophages
- Lymphocytes:
- B Cells: differentiate into Plasma Cells or Ig, involved in humoral immunity
- T Cells: involved in cellular immunity
Neutropenia
- Decrease in absolute number of circulating neutrophils (ANC)
- Concerns: impaired phagocytosis, decreased antibody production, decreased antigen recognition, slow immune response, decreased inflammatory response
- Medical emergency: sepsis, with classic signs and symptoms of infection (may only have Fever)
- Risk factors: advanced age, female, malignancy, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive meds
- Clinical manifestations: Fever 100.4 F or higher with common sites of infection (GI, Respiratory, GU, Indwelling devices, and CNS)
- Classification: based on # neutrophils, with closer to 0 indicating higher risk of infection rates
- Prevention of infection: hand hygiene, nutritious diet, no plants/flower, private room, and colony-stimulating factors (Neupogen)
Nursing Assessment for Neutropenic Fever
- Cultures: Urine, blood, stool, skin, throat/nasopharynx
- Blood culture: one drawn peripheral and one from venous access, or both drawn from either or
- Possible infections to look for: UTI, C.Diff, Thrush, Respiratory infections
- Note: Sputum is not usually present!!
Hematologic System Overview
- Bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system (RES) are responsible for producing blood cells
- Hematopoietic cascade: pluripotent stem cell → myeloid and lymphoid cells
Terms to Know
- Myelosuppression: decrease in neutrophils, platelets, and lymphoid cells (aka bone marrow suppression)
- Cytopenia: lack of cellular elements in circulating blood
- Pancytopenia: depression of normal bone marrow cells in peripheral blood (WBCs, RBCs, and Plt)
- Nadir: lowest blood cell count, when one is at highest risk of developing infection
White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Neutrophils:
- Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) with 6-hour life-time
- Engage in phagocytosis and fight bacterial infections
- Segmented (mature) and Bands (immature) forms
- Eosinophils: involved in allergies and parasitic infections
- Basophils: contain heparin and histamine, involved in viral infections
- Agranulocytes:
- Monocytes: largest WBC, short-lived, differentiate into macrophages
- Lymphocytes:
- B Cells: differentiate into Plasma Cells or Ig, involved in humoral immunity
- T Cells: involved in cellular immunity
Neutropenia
- Decrease in absolute number of circulating neutrophils (ANC)
- Concerns: impaired phagocytosis, decreased antibody production, decreased antigen recognition, slow immune response, decreased inflammatory response
- Medical emergency: sepsis, with classic signs and symptoms of infection (may only have Fever)
- Risk factors: advanced age, female, malignancy, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive meds
- Clinical manifestations: Fever 100.4 F or higher with common sites of infection (GI, Respiratory, GU, Indwelling devices, and CNS)
- Classification: based on # neutrophils, with closer to 0 indicating higher risk of infection rates
- Prevention of infection: hand hygiene, nutritious diet, no plants/flower, private room, and colony-stimulating factors (Neupogen)
Nursing Assessment for Neutropenic Fever
- Cultures: Urine, blood, stool, skin, throat/nasopharynx
- Blood culture: one drawn peripheral and one from venous access, or both drawn from either or
- Possible infections to look for: UTI, C.Diff, Thrush, Respiratory infections
- Note: Sputum is not usually present!!
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