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Questions and Answers
What is the normal ESR value for males?
What is the purpose of the Westergren apparatus in measuring ESR?
What is the clinical significance of an increased ESR value?
What is the reason for the increased sedimentation rate of red blood cells in the presence of immunoglobulins?
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What is the equation used to calculate ESR after 2 hours?
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What is the purpose of the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test?
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What is the significance of hematocrit value in hematology?
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What is the purpose of the Osmotic Fragility Test?
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What is the significance of red blood cell indices in hematology?
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What is the effect of pregnancy on ESR values in females?
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Study Notes
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- Definition: The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.
- Methods for detection:
- Macro hematocrit method: uses Wintrobe hematocrit tube.
- Micro hematocrit method: uses heparinized microhaematocrit capillary tube.
- Clinical significance:
- Normal values:
- Male: 42-52%.
- Female: 37-47%.
- Dehydration: Increase PCV.
- Polycythemia: Increase PCV.
- Overhydration: Decrease PCV.
- Anemia: Decrease PCV.
- Normal values:
Complete Blood Picture (CBC)
- Definition: The calculation of the cellular elements of blood.
- Uses automated hematology analyzer.
- Clinical significance:
- Used to determine general health status.
- Screens for, diagnoses, or monitors diseases and conditions affecting blood cells, such as anemia, infection, and bleeding disorders.
Red Blood Indices
- Mean cell volume (MCV): The average volume of red blood cell measured in femtoliters (fl).
- Formula: MCV = PCV x 10 / RBC count.
- Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH): The average amount of Hb in a single red blood cell measured in picogram (pg).
- Formula: MCH = Hb x 10 / RBC count.
- Mean cell Hb concentration (MCHC): The concentration of Hb per 100 ml of RBC measured in g/dl.
- Formula: MCHC = Hb x 100 / PCV.
Osmotic Fragility Test
- Definition: Measures erythrocyte resistance to hemolysis while exposed to varying levels of dilution of a saline solution.
- Procedure:
- Uses a series of test tubes containing decreasing concentrations of NaCl.
- Adds 0.1 ml blood to each tube and observes the fluid color and RBCs precipitate.
- Clinical significance:
- Increased fragility: Enzymatic deficiency (G-6-P-D deficiency), Hereditary spherocytosis.
- Decreased fragility: Iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- Definition: The rate by which red cells sediment when blood is placed vertically in a narrow tube.
- Westergren Apparatus:
- Uses Westergren Tube.
- Leaves pipette for one hour and reads the height of the column of clear plasma above the precipitated RBCs.
- Normal values:
- Male: 4-6 mm/h up to 15 mm/h.
- Female: 8-10 mm/h up to 20 mm/h.
- Clinical significance:
- Increases physiological in female during pregnancy, menstruation, and lactation.
- Increases in pathological conditions such as tonsillitis, fractures, myocardial infarction, and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Not a diagnostic test, but confirms presence or absence of inflammatory activity and monitors treatment progression.
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Description
Learn about the definition and methods of detection for Hematocrit value (Hct) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV), including Macro and Micro hematocrit methods.
