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Helper T Cell Activation and Differentiation
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Helper T Cell Activation and Differentiation

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@MesmerizedElder

Questions and Answers

What happens to the memories in the future?

  • They get activated faster (correct)
  • They turn into effector B cells
  • They get deleted
  • They remain the same

    • What is the primary function of the humoral response?

  • To produce memory B cells
  • To respond to pathogens floating around in bodily fluids (correct)
  • To activate cell-mediated response
  • To respond to pathogens that have infiltrated body cells

    • What is the role of effector B cells?

  • To present antigens to T cells
  • To turn into antibody factories (correct)
  • To produce cytokines
  • To attack infected cells

    • What happens when a pathogen binds to a B cell with a matching antibody?

    <p>The B cell becomes activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do B cells do with the antigen after endocytosis?

    <p>They present it on an MHC II molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory B cells?

    <p>To recognize and respond to future infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of helper T cells?

    <p>To activate B cells and other T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cytotoxic T cells target?

    <p>Infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between memory B cells and effector B cells?

    <p>Effector B cells are activated, while memory B cells are inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are B cells and T cells called lymphocytes?

    <p>Because they develop in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many membrane-bound antibodies are typically found on a B cell?

    <p>10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activated B cell after it proliferates?

    <p>It differentiates into an effector B cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies produced by B cells?

    <p>To disable or tag free-floating pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?

    <p>To increase the effectiveness of the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?

    <p>To present antigens to helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a helper T cell?

    <p>To activate the immune system's alarm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?

    <p>The presence of a matching antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is best at activating helper T cells?

    <p>Dendritic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity do cytotoxic T cells provide?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells?

    <p>MHC II proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between B cells and antibody factories?

    <p>Activated B cells turn into antibody factories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the specificity of a helper T cell?

    <p>The variation in the T cell receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a helper T cell when it binds to an antigen-presenting cell?

    <p>It becomes activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind the variation in T cell receptors?

    <p>Gene shuffling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immune system's ability to recognize specific pathogens?

    <p>Specific immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a dendritic cell in the immune response?

    <p>To present antigens to helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is a naive helper T cell?

    <p>Non-effector, non-memory cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a helper T cell binding to an antigen-presenting cell?

    <p>The helper T cell becomes activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a naive T cell when it reacts with an antigen-presenting cell?

    <p>It becomes activated and differentiates into effector cells and memory helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory T cells?

    <p>To provide long-term immunity against future infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do effector T cells do?

    <p>They raise alarm bells in the immune system by releasing cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cytokines on activated lymphatic cells?

    <p>They make them more active and multiply faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an activated B cell when it receives cytokines?

    <p>It divides more often</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between effector T cells and memory T cells?

    <p>Effector T cells do something, while memory T cells store memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the T cell receptor in T cell activation?

    <p>It binds to the pathogen and activates the T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a B cell binds to a pathogen?

    <p>It takes in the pathogen and cuts it up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do memory cells last longer than effector cells?

    <p>Because they don't kill themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells?

    <p>To activate B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dendritic cell in the activation of the B cell?

    <p>It eats and cuts up the virus, then presents it to the B cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the double handshake system necessary in the immune response?

    <p>To prevent autoimmune diseases by reducing the likelihood of immune cells becoming specific to self-molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the activated helper T cell in the activation of the B cell?

    <p>To come and bind to the B cell, allowing it to activate and produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the epitope recognized by the B cell and the T cell?

    <p>The B cell recognizes an epitope on the outside of the virus, while the T cell recognizes an epitope on the inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of the B cell?

    <p>The B cell differentiates into memory and effector cells, producing a lot of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?

    <p>To present the antigen to the T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?

    <p>It allows the B cell to recognize multiple viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?

    <p>The presence of the virus and an activated helper T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the B cell presents parts of the antigen on its surface?

    <p>Antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adaptive Immune Response

    • The adaptive immune response consists of two main branches: humoral response (B cells) and cell-mediated response (T cells)
    • Humoral Response
      • Involves B cells (B lymphocytes) that recognize pathogens in body fluids
      • Activated B cells produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens
      • Antibodies can disable or tag pathogens for destruction by macrophages
    • Cell-Mediated Response
      • Involves T cells (T lymphocytes) that recognize infected cells
      • Activated T cells directly attack and kill infected cells

    B Cells

    • Activation
      • B cells recognize pathogens through their membrane-bound antibodies
      • Binding of pathogen to antibody leads to activation of B cell
    • Memory B Cells
      • Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into memory B cells
      • Memory B cells recognize specific pathogens and can respond faster upon future exposure
    • Effector B Cells
      • Activated B cells also differentiate into effector B cells
      • Effector B cells produce large amounts of antibodies to combat pathogens

    T Cells

    • Helper T Cells (CD4+ T cells)
      • Recognize and respond to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
      • Activate and proliferate upon binding to antigens on APCs
      • Release cytokines that activate other immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells
    • Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T cells)
      • Directly attack and kill infected cells
      • Recognize and respond to antigens presented by infected cells
    • Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells
      • Requires the presence of activated helper T cells and antigens presented by infected cells

    Antigen Presentation

    • Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
      • Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can present antigens to T cells
      • Antigens are processed and presented on MHC II molecules on the surface of APCs
    • T Cell Receptor
      • Specific to each T cell, recognizing a particular combination of MHC II and antigen
      • Variable portion of the T cell receptor binds to the antigen-MHC II complex

    Importance of Helper T Cells

    • Central Role in Immune Response
      • Activate and coordinate responses from other immune cells
      • Release cytokines that stimulate immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells
    • Failsafe Mechanism
      • Doubles as a safety mechanism to prevent autoimmune responses
      • Reduces the likelihood of immune cells becoming specific to self-molecules, preventing autoimmune diseases

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    Description

    Learn about the process of helper T cell activation and differentiation, including their response to antigen presenting cells and their roles in immune response.

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