Questions and Answers
What happens to the memories in the future?
What is the primary function of the humoral response?
What is the role of effector B cells?
What happens when a pathogen binds to a B cell with a matching antibody?
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What do B cells do with the antigen after endocytosis?
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What is the role of memory B cells?
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What is the main function of helper T cells?
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What do cytotoxic T cells target?
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What is the difference between memory B cells and effector B cells?
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Why are B cells and T cells called lymphocytes?
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How many membrane-bound antibodies are typically found on a B cell?
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What happens to the activated B cell after it proliferates?
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What is the role of antibodies produced by B cells?
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What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?
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What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?
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What is the primary function of a helper T cell?
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What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?
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What type of cell is best at activating helper T cells?
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What type of immunity do cytotoxic T cells provide?
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What is presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells?
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What is the relationship between B cells and antibody factories?
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What determines the specificity of a helper T cell?
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What happens to a helper T cell when it binds to an antigen-presenting cell?
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What is the mechanism behind the variation in T cell receptors?
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What is the term for the immune system's ability to recognize specific pathogens?
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What is the role of a dendritic cell in the immune response?
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What type of cell is a naive helper T cell?
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What is the result of a helper T cell binding to an antigen-presenting cell?
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What happens to a naive T cell when it reacts with an antigen-presenting cell?
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What is the role of memory T cells?
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What do effector T cells do?
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What is the effect of cytokines on activated lymphatic cells?
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What happens to an activated B cell when it receives cytokines?
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What is the difference between effector T cells and memory T cells?
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What is the role of the T cell receptor in T cell activation?
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What happens when a B cell binds to a pathogen?
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Why do memory cells last longer than effector cells?
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What is the role of helper T cells?
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What is the role of the dendritic cell in the activation of the B cell?
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Why is the double handshake system necessary in the immune response?
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What is the purpose of the activated helper T cell in the activation of the B cell?
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What is the difference between the epitope recognized by the B cell and the T cell?
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What is the result of the activation of the B cell?
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What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?
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What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?
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What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?
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What is the term for the process by which the B cell presents parts of the antigen on its surface?
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Study Notes
Adaptive Immune Response
- The adaptive immune response consists of two main branches: humoral response (B cells) and cell-mediated response (T cells)
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Humoral Response
- Involves B cells (B lymphocytes) that recognize pathogens in body fluids
- Activated B cells produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens
- Antibodies can disable or tag pathogens for destruction by macrophages
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Cell-Mediated Response
- Involves T cells (T lymphocytes) that recognize infected cells
- Activated T cells directly attack and kill infected cells
B Cells
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Activation
- B cells recognize pathogens through their membrane-bound antibodies
- Binding of pathogen to antibody leads to activation of B cell
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Memory B Cells
- Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into memory B cells
- Memory B cells recognize specific pathogens and can respond faster upon future exposure
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Effector B Cells
- Activated B cells also differentiate into effector B cells
- Effector B cells produce large amounts of antibodies to combat pathogens
T Cells
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Helper T Cells (CD4+ T cells)
- Recognize and respond to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- Activate and proliferate upon binding to antigens on APCs
- Release cytokines that activate other immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells
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Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T cells)
- Directly attack and kill infected cells
- Recognize and respond to antigens presented by infected cells
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Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells
- Requires the presence of activated helper T cells and antigens presented by infected cells
Antigen Presentation
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Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can present antigens to T cells
- Antigens are processed and presented on MHC II molecules on the surface of APCs
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T Cell Receptor
- Specific to each T cell, recognizing a particular combination of MHC II and antigen
- Variable portion of the T cell receptor binds to the antigen-MHC II complex
Importance of Helper T Cells
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Central Role in Immune Response
- Activate and coordinate responses from other immune cells
- Release cytokines that stimulate immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells
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Failsafe Mechanism
- Doubles as a safety mechanism to prevent autoimmune responses
- Reduces the likelihood of immune cells becoming specific to self-molecules, preventing autoimmune diseases
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Description
Learn about the process of helper T cell activation and differentiation, including their response to antigen presenting cells and their roles in immune response.