Podcast
Questions and Answers
What happens to the memories in the future?
What happens to the memories in the future?
- They get activated faster (correct)
- They turn into effector B cells
- They get deleted
- They remain the same
What is the primary function of the humoral response?
What is the primary function of the humoral response?
- To produce memory B cells
- To respond to pathogens floating around in bodily fluids (correct)
- To activate cell-mediated response
- To respond to pathogens that have infiltrated body cells
What is the role of effector B cells?
What is the role of effector B cells?
- To present antigens to T cells
- To turn into antibody factories (correct)
- To produce cytokines
- To attack infected cells
What happens when a pathogen binds to a B cell with a matching antibody?
What happens when a pathogen binds to a B cell with a matching antibody?
What do B cells do with the antigen after endocytosis?
What do B cells do with the antigen after endocytosis?
What is the role of memory B cells?
What is the role of memory B cells?
What is the main function of helper T cells?
What is the main function of helper T cells?
What do cytotoxic T cells target?
What do cytotoxic T cells target?
What is the difference between memory B cells and effector B cells?
What is the difference between memory B cells and effector B cells?
Why are B cells and T cells called lymphocytes?
Why are B cells and T cells called lymphocytes?
How many membrane-bound antibodies are typically found on a B cell?
How many membrane-bound antibodies are typically found on a B cell?
What happens to the activated B cell after it proliferates?
What happens to the activated B cell after it proliferates?
What is the role of antibodies produced by B cells?
What is the role of antibodies produced by B cells?
What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?
What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?
What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?
What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?
What is the primary function of a helper T cell?
What is the primary function of a helper T cell?
What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?
What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?
What type of cell is best at activating helper T cells?
What type of cell is best at activating helper T cells?
What type of immunity do cytotoxic T cells provide?
What type of immunity do cytotoxic T cells provide?
What is presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells?
What is presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells?
What is the relationship between B cells and antibody factories?
What is the relationship between B cells and antibody factories?
What determines the specificity of a helper T cell?
What determines the specificity of a helper T cell?
What happens to a helper T cell when it binds to an antigen-presenting cell?
What happens to a helper T cell when it binds to an antigen-presenting cell?
What is the mechanism behind the variation in T cell receptors?
What is the mechanism behind the variation in T cell receptors?
What is the term for the immune system's ability to recognize specific pathogens?
What is the term for the immune system's ability to recognize specific pathogens?
What is the role of a dendritic cell in the immune response?
What is the role of a dendritic cell in the immune response?
What type of cell is a naive helper T cell?
What type of cell is a naive helper T cell?
What is the result of a helper T cell binding to an antigen-presenting cell?
What is the result of a helper T cell binding to an antigen-presenting cell?
What happens to a naive T cell when it reacts with an antigen-presenting cell?
What happens to a naive T cell when it reacts with an antigen-presenting cell?
What is the role of memory T cells?
What is the role of memory T cells?
What do effector T cells do?
What do effector T cells do?
What is the effect of cytokines on activated lymphatic cells?
What is the effect of cytokines on activated lymphatic cells?
What happens to an activated B cell when it receives cytokines?
What happens to an activated B cell when it receives cytokines?
What is the difference between effector T cells and memory T cells?
What is the difference between effector T cells and memory T cells?
What is the role of the T cell receptor in T cell activation?
What is the role of the T cell receptor in T cell activation?
What happens when a B cell binds to a pathogen?
What happens when a B cell binds to a pathogen?
Why do memory cells last longer than effector cells?
Why do memory cells last longer than effector cells?
What is the role of helper T cells?
What is the role of helper T cells?
What is the role of the dendritic cell in the activation of the B cell?
What is the role of the dendritic cell in the activation of the B cell?
Why is the double handshake system necessary in the immune response?
Why is the double handshake system necessary in the immune response?
What is the purpose of the activated helper T cell in the activation of the B cell?
What is the purpose of the activated helper T cell in the activation of the B cell?
What is the difference between the epitope recognized by the B cell and the T cell?
What is the difference between the epitope recognized by the B cell and the T cell?
What is the result of the activation of the B cell?
What is the result of the activation of the B cell?
What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?
What is the purpose of MHC II molecules on B cells?
What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?
What is the significance of having multiple versions of the original B cell?
What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?
What determines whether a B cell gets activated or not?
What is the term for the process by which the B cell presents parts of the antigen on its surface?
What is the term for the process by which the B cell presents parts of the antigen on its surface?
Study Notes
Adaptive Immune Response
- The adaptive immune response consists of two main branches: humoral response (B cells) and cell-mediated response (T cells)
- Humoral Response
- Involves B cells (B lymphocytes) that recognize pathogens in body fluids
- Activated B cells produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens
- Antibodies can disable or tag pathogens for destruction by macrophages
- Cell-Mediated Response
- Involves T cells (T lymphocytes) that recognize infected cells
- Activated T cells directly attack and kill infected cells
B Cells
- Activation
- B cells recognize pathogens through their membrane-bound antibodies
- Binding of pathogen to antibody leads to activation of B cell
- Memory B Cells
- Activated B cells proliferate and differentiate into memory B cells
- Memory B cells recognize specific pathogens and can respond faster upon future exposure
- Effector B Cells
- Activated B cells also differentiate into effector B cells
- Effector B cells produce large amounts of antibodies to combat pathogens
T Cells
- Helper T Cells (CD4+ T cells)
- Recognize and respond to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- Activate and proliferate upon binding to antigens on APCs
- Release cytokines that activate other immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells
- Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T cells)
- Directly attack and kill infected cells
- Recognize and respond to antigens presented by infected cells
- Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells
- Requires the presence of activated helper T cells and antigens presented by infected cells
Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can present antigens to T cells
- Antigens are processed and presented on MHC II molecules on the surface of APCs
- T Cell Receptor
- Specific to each T cell, recognizing a particular combination of MHC II and antigen
- Variable portion of the T cell receptor binds to the antigen-MHC II complex
Importance of Helper T Cells
- Central Role in Immune Response
- Activate and coordinate responses from other immune cells
- Release cytokines that stimulate immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells
- Failsafe Mechanism
- Doubles as a safety mechanism to prevent autoimmune responses
- Reduces the likelihood of immune cells becoming specific to self-molecules, preventing autoimmune diseases
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Description
Learn about the process of helper T cell activation and differentiation, including their response to antigen presenting cells and their roles in immune response.
