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Questions and Answers
What is the primary moral standard according to Altruistic Hedonism?
What is the primary moral standard according to Altruistic Hedonism?
How does ancient Hedonism differ from modern Hedonism in terms of optimism?
How does ancient Hedonism differ from modern Hedonism in terms of optimism?
What significant shift does modern Hedonism encompass regarding individual versus general happiness?
What significant shift does modern Hedonism encompass regarding individual versus general happiness?
Which philosopher is associated with qualitative difference in pleasures within modern Hedonism?
Which philosopher is associated with qualitative difference in pleasures within modern Hedonism?
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What does Bentham's version of Utilitarianism emphasize?
What does Bentham's version of Utilitarianism emphasize?
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Which aspect is NOT characteristic of ancient Hedonism as compared to modern Hedonism?
Which aspect is NOT characteristic of ancient Hedonism as compared to modern Hedonism?
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According to Mill, what does Utilitarianism require of the individual regarding his own happiness and that of others?
According to Mill, what does Utilitarianism require of the individual regarding his own happiness and that of others?
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What fundamental distinction did the Epicureans hold regarding pleasures?
What fundamental distinction did the Epicureans hold regarding pleasures?
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What are the four external sanctions according to Bentham?
What are the four external sanctions according to Bentham?
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What constitutes the physical sanction in Bentham's theory?
What constitutes the physical sanction in Bentham's theory?
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What is the main factor that compels individuals from egoism to altruism in Bentham's view?
What is the main factor that compels individuals from egoism to altruism in Bentham's view?
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Which sanction involves penalties imposed by society itself?
Which sanction involves penalties imposed by society itself?
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What paradox is highlighted in Bentham’s discussion of hedonism?
What paradox is highlighted in Bentham’s discussion of hedonism?
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What does Bentham argue about the relationship between Psychological Hedonism and Ethical Hedonism?
What does Bentham argue about the relationship between Psychological Hedonism and Ethical Hedonism?
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Which sanction is characterized by the hope of reward and fear of punishment in a religious context?
Which sanction is characterized by the hope of reward and fear of punishment in a religious context?
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What type of pleasures does Bentham suggest may lead to discontent when sought directly?
What type of pleasures does Bentham suggest may lead to discontent when sought directly?
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What does J.S. Mill equate happiness with in his philosophy?
What does J.S. Mill equate happiness with in his philosophy?
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According to Mill, what is the only thing desirable as an end?
According to Mill, what is the only thing desirable as an end?
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Which of the following statements best represents Ethical Hedonism as defined by Mill?
Which of the following statements best represents Ethical Hedonism as defined by Mill?
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How does Mill differentiate between right and wrong actions?
How does Mill differentiate between right and wrong actions?
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What does Mill suggest is a consequence of Psychological Hedonism?
What does Mill suggest is a consequence of Psychological Hedonism?
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How does Mill regard moral concepts like virtue and health in relation to happiness?
How does Mill regard moral concepts like virtue and health in relation to happiness?
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What does Bentham mean by a 'pure' pleasure?
What does Bentham mean by a 'pure' pleasure?
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What principle does Bentham advocate with respect to the moral standard?
What principle does Bentham advocate with respect to the moral standard?
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What is a critical feature of Mill's hedonistic criterion of right and wrong?
What is a critical feature of Mill's hedonistic criterion of right and wrong?
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How does Bentham reconcile natural egoism with altruistic hedonism?
How does Bentham reconcile natural egoism with altruistic hedonism?
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What does Mill claim about the relationship between desiring something and finding it pleasant?
What does Mill claim about the relationship between desiring something and finding it pleasant?
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What does Bentham mean by saying 'Each is to count for one, and no one for more than one'?
What does Bentham mean by saying 'Each is to count for one, and no one for more than one'?
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What does Bentham suggest about the tendency of humans to act altruistically?
What does Bentham suggest about the tendency of humans to act altruistically?
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According to Bentham, what criterion does he take into account regarding the extent of pleasures?
According to Bentham, what criterion does he take into account regarding the extent of pleasures?
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What is the implication of Bentham's stance on qualitative differences amongst pleasures?
What is the implication of Bentham's stance on qualitative differences amongst pleasures?
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How does Bentham view the relationship between pleasure and pain?
How does Bentham view the relationship between pleasure and pain?
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What does Mill refer to as the reason for an individual's preference for higher pleasures over lower pleasures?
What does Mill refer to as the reason for an individual's preference for higher pleasures over lower pleasures?
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According to Mill, which of the following statements reflects altruistic hedonism?
According to Mill, which of the following statements reflects altruistic hedonism?
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How does Mill describe the relationship between egoism and altruism?
How does Mill describe the relationship between egoism and altruism?
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What ethical principle does Mill see reflected in the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth?
What ethical principle does Mill see reflected in the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth?
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What does Mill believe is necessary for determining ultimate truths regarding happiness?
What does Mill believe is necessary for determining ultimate truths regarding happiness?
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In Mill's view, what is the role of sympathy in the development of moral behavior?
In Mill's view, what is the role of sympathy in the development of moral behavior?
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What does Mill argue is a good motivator for achieving general happiness?
What does Mill argue is a good motivator for achieving general happiness?
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According to Mill, why might an individual choose to alleviate another's pain?
According to Mill, why might an individual choose to alleviate another's pain?
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Study Notes
Hedonism: Ancient vs. Modern
- Ancient Hedonism was pessimistic, focused on escaping pain.
- Modern Hedonism is optimistic, focused on positive enjoyment.
- Ancient Hedonism was egoistic, focused on individual happiness.
- Modern Hedonism is altruistic, focused on the happiness of the greatest number.
- Modern Hedonism recognizes qualitative differences in pleasures, not just quantity.
Altruistic Hedonism
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Gross Utilitarianism (Bentham):
- Advocates for "greatest happiness of the greatest number."
- Recognizes only quantitative differences in pleasures.
- Believes all pleasures are equal in quality if equal in quantity.
- Introduces "extent" of pleasure, considering how many people are affected.
- Emphasizes the natural egoism of man, but advocates for altruism through external sanctions (physical, political, social, religious).
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Refined Altruistic Hedonism or Utilitarianism (J.S. Mill):
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Hedonism:
- Believes pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as ends.
- Regards virtue, health, and love of honor as means to happiness.
- Uses "pleasure" and "happiness" synonymously.
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Psychological Hedonism:
- Argues that we always desire what is pleasant, thus, we desire pleasure.
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Ethical Hedonism:
- Claims pleasure is desirable because we always desire pleasure.
- Relies on the "sense of dignity" to explain why people prefer a higher quality of life.
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Proof of Altruism:
- Argues the general happiness is desirable because each person desires their own happiness.
- Offers a psychological explanation for the transition from egoism to altruism, rooted in sympathy and the transfer of interest from the end to the means.
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Hedonism:
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Description
Explore the contrasting views of Ancient and Modern Hedonism. Discover how Ancient Hedonism centered on individual pain avoidance, while Modern Hedonism shifts towards collective happiness and qualitative pleasure differences. Understand the nuances between Gross Utilitarianism and Refined Altruistic Hedonism.
