Philosophy: Hedonism and Relativism

<p>It is permissible if it leads to greater overall satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be justified if it leads to better outcomes for the mother and family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each person desires their own happiness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virtue is an essential element that contributes to happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He integrated utilitarianism with rational intuitionism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing the ideal good for all, including but not restricted to pleasure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act utilitarianism focuses on the greatest utility of specific actions, while rule utilitarianism focuses on the utility of rules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism lacks unassailable proofs to support its principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering the consequences of each act for maximizing overall well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no empirical induction to support it as an ethical baseline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleasures are sometimes passed over for greater comfort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good and evil are determined by what individuals desire or detest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As necessary for individual peace and safety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The governance of pain and pleasure as sovereign masters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bentham incorporates collective happiness rather than just individual pleasure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all pleasures contribute to overall well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tranquility is an unrealistic goal in a competitive world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It recognizes subjection to pain and pleasure as foundational. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the appreciation of higher pleasures through education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires the practice of community virtues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The forceful imposition of beliefs on others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks a framework for determining common pleasure effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actions may have long-term consequences that extend indefinitely into the future. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It argues that pleasure is the highest good for individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public welfare should be prioritized over immediate desires. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes the indefinite long-term consequences of current decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts of duty, generosity, or self-sacrifice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperation is justified only when one can share in societal benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It considers pleasure as the only good without exceptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By considering group pleasure as a measure of morality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transforms moral actions into hedonism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general happiness is crucial for assessing personal actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The self-regarding aspect of love is the only valid form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actions must be judged only on their potential for pleasure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intense focus on pleasure can lead to its disappearance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activities primarily serve other beneficial purposes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can produce pleasure without any activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It compels people to perform essential activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hunger drives people to eat because food is enjoyable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks normal life activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleasure can be a primary goal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not a special faculty but rather an accompaniment of actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pleasure, in the Epicurean sense, is not just sensory experience but freedom from pain in the body and trouble in the mind.

The ethical theory that pleasure is the highest good and the proper aim of human action.

The ethical theory that one's self-interest is the foundation of morality.

Hobbes' view that there's no inherent good or evil; instead, what we desire or detest makes something good or bad.

An approach to ethics that assesses actions based on their ability to promote happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people.

Bentham's view that pleasure and pain are the ultimate motivators in human action, but that pursuit extends beyond the individual.

The principle that pleasure and pain are the ultimate motivators and judges of human behavior.

The organized structure of society, viewed as essential to control conflict and create a workable environment for individuals.

Ethical theory based on maximizing happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people.

Core idea of utilitarianism; actions should maximize overall happiness.

Assessing actions based on their immediate utility.

Assessing actions based on how well they align with rules that maximize overall utility

Form of utilitarianism focusing on ideal goods beyond pleasure, like virtue.

Ethical theory asserting the existence of inherent moral truths that can be grasped intuitively.

Combining consequentialist approach of utilitarianism with intuitionist recognition of irreducible moral goods and values

Gaining knowledge through observation and experience.

Hedonism struggles to explain moral acts if pleasure is the sole motive. Whether an act is good or not is separated from the intrinsic act itself. It focuses solely on the outcome.

Hedonism, in theory, might lead to a society where individuals only cooperate to their benefit, potentially harming societal well-being.

Making pleasure the only goal for moral actions undermines the true meaning of morality (duty, sacrifice, etc.).

An ethical theory that extends hedonism's focus from individual pleasure to the pleasure (or happiness) of all people.

Pleasure and pain are the only reasons we act (according to Hedonism).

One's personal happiness is connected to the overall happiness and prosperity of the community.

Utilitarianism evolved from Hedonism; focusing on pleasure for an entire group rather than just for an individual.

A situation where an individual is required to make a significant personal sacrifice for the benefit of others.

An approach to utilitarianism that evaluates the morality of an action based on its immediate consequences for overall well-being.

An approach to utilitarianism that evaluates the morality of an action based on whether it follows rules that generally maximize overall well-being.

False information deliberately spread to deceive the public, often by the government.

The foundation of utilitarianism; actions are considered right if they promote happiness and wrong if they produce the reverse.

The ethical principle which states that all life should be preserved whenever possible.

Ethical theory that actions are right if they maximize overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.

Ethical theory that prioritizes individual pleasure over others.

Outcomes of actions that affect the well-being of a group or society.

General well-being of a community or society.

People who will live after the present generation.

Determining the collective happiness of people's actions from a perspective of utility or a societal good.

Principle or rules that guide the evaluation of actions.

Improvement of social conditions with greater societal wellbeing.

Pleasure arises from the exercise of abilities, not as a goal in itself. It's a side effect of using our skills.

Focusing intensely on pleasure interferes with experiencing it.

Pleasure can be directly triggered by brain stimulation, but isn't normal or sustainable.

Our abilities have purposes beyond pleasure, like survival or intellectual fulfillment.

Pleasure motivates natural actions like eating and sex, which also serve other biological needs.

Pleasure is tied to accomplishing goals; it motivates the use of our abilities.

We don't have a distinct ability for pleasure; it comes from specific activities.

Pleasure isn't the primary aim, but arises from the beneficial use of our abilities.