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Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple ______.
machine
Most forklifts have load capacities between one to five ______.
tons
Construction equipment can be broadly classified into operators and ______.
haulers
A typical concrete mixer uses a ______ drum for mixing the components.
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The sequence of tasks for a crane might be to fit and install a wall ______.
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When selecting construction equipment, it should give the best service at low ______.
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A compactor is used to compact ______ in the construction industry.
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A road roller is sometimes called a roller-______.
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Not everyone is fit to operate ______.
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It should be easily ______ with a low shutdown period.
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A paver is used to lay ______ on roadways.
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The purpose of the training program is to familiarize the operator with the usage and ______ of the equipment.
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Larger forklift machines can have lift capacities up to ______ tons.
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Heavy machines typically comprise five equipment ______: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information.
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Concrete mixers combine cement with aggregates like sand or ______.
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A separate machine is used to press the hot asphalt mix, resulting in a smooth, ______ surface.
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The ______ is used for digging trenches for pipes specifically.
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Loading shovels are important for pushing the front end bucket to increase ______ efficiency.
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Construction vehicles are designed to transport engineering ______ from one place to another.
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Tippers are suited for the rugged conditions of mining and ______ operations.
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A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle ______ by a powered vehicle.
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A tank truck is designed to carry ______ loads, dry bulk cargo, or gases.
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Complete maneuverability and high performance are common traits of ______, resulting in lower operational costs.
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Loading shovels find their application in waste handling, recycling, and ______ handling.
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After equipment has been installed, assign responsibility for performing the ______ and operation programs.
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Develop a system for recording the use of parts and ______.
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Implement a written plan for ______, performance, verification, and proper operation of the equipment.
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Establish a scheduled ______ program that includes daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance tasks.
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Provide training for all ______; only personnel who have been trained specifically should be authorized as operators.
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Follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully when performing the initial ______ of the instrument.
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It is necessary to monitor instrument parameters by performing periodic ______ checks.
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These function checks should also be done following any instrument ______.
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Preventive maintenance includes systematic and routine cleaning, adjustment, and replacement of equipment ______ at scheduled intervals.
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A maintenance plan will include preventive maintenance procedures as well as provisions for ______, troubleshooting, and repair of equipment.
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It is recommended that a ______ be attached to the instrument indicating when the next maintenance should be performed.
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Problems with equipment may present in many ways, such as drift in quality control or ______ values.
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Operators must be taught to ______ equipment functioning and resume testing as rapidly as possible.
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Following manufacturers' recommendations for maintenance will help prevent ______ costs.
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Training staff on the use and maintenance of ______ is crucial for effective operation.
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The maintenance plan should specify the ______ with which all maintenance tasks should be performed.
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Study Notes
Heavy Equipment Overview
- Heavy equipment includes various machinery such as heavy machines, heavy trucks, heavy equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
- These machines usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control, and information.
- Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, where the input force applied is multiplied to exert a greater output force.
- Certain equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
Equipment Selection
- Selecting construction equipment is crucial in the pre-construction planning process.
- Several factors should be considered when selecting construction equipment:
- The equipment should be standard if possible.
- It should provide the best service at a low cost.
- Its unit cost of production should be moderate.
- It should be easily repairable with a minimal shutdown period.
- It should be easily disposed of.
- It should suit the majority of the job requirements.
- It should be capable of performing multiple functions.
- It should be of moderate size, as they have fewer moving parts and low operating costs.
Heavy Equipment Operation
- Operating heavy equipment requires specialized training.
- The purpose of training is to familiarize operators with the usage, specialties, and maintenance aspects of specific equipment in industries like forestry, trucking, earth moving, or construction.
Scraper
- A scraper is a large piece of equipment used in various earthmoving operations, including mining, construction, and agriculture.
Loading Shovel
- Loading shovels are designed to load efficiently.
- They are available in various sizes and load capacities to suit different applications.
Construction Vehicles
- Construction vehicles are designed to transport engineering materials.
Tippers
- Tippers are ideal for heavy-duty operations in mining and quarrying, as well as for carrying bulk loads in construction and infrastructure industries.
- They offer maneuverability, high performance, and durability, leading to lower operational costs.
Trailer
- A trailer is an unpowered vehicle towed by a powered vehicle, often used for transporting goods and materials.
Tank Truck
- A tank truck (USA) or road tanker (UK) is a specialized vehicle designed to carry liquid loads, dry bulk cargo, or gases on roads.
Forklift Trucks
- Forklift trucks come in various variations and load capacities.
- Most forklifts used in warehouses have load capacities of one to five tons.
- Larger machines, capable of lifting up to 50 tons, are used for heavier loads.
Construction Equipment
- Construction equipment is used on construction sites to facilitate tasks like mixing, compacting, and other labor-intensive operations.
Concrete Mixer
- A concrete mixer (cement mixer) is a machine that mixes cement, aggregates (sand, gravel), and water to produce concrete.
- Most concrete mixers utilize a rotating drum to ensure even mixing.
Compactor
- A compactor is a machine used to compact materials like soil in the construction industry.
Road Roller
- A road roller, sometimes called a roller-compactor, is an engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt during road and foundation construction.
- Rollers are also used in landfills and agriculture.
Paver
- A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is an engineering vehicle used for laying asphalt on roadways.
- It is typically fed by a dump truck.
- A separate roller is used to compress the hot asphalt mix, creating a smooth, even surface.
Equipment Readiness for Service
- After installing equipment, several steps need to be addressed before putting it into service:
- Assign responsibility for maintenance and operation.
- Develop a system for recording part and supply usage.
- Implement a written plan for calibration, performance verification, and proper operation.
- Establish a scheduled maintenance program (daily, weekly, monthly).
- Provide training for all operators; only trained personnel should be authorized to operate equipment.
- Designate authorized users and usage times.
Equipment Calibration
- Follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully during initial calibration.
- It is recommended to calibrate the instrument with each test run, especially when first putting it into service.
- Determine the necessary recalibration frequency based on instrument stability and the manufacturer's recommendations.
- Consider using calibrators provided or purchased from the manufacturer.
Function Checks
- Function checks are essential to verify equipment functions according to manufacturer specifications.
- Regularly monitor instrument parameters by conducting periodic function checks.
- Conduct these checks before initially using the instrument, at the manufacturer's recommended frequency, and following any instrument repairs.
- Daily monitoring of temperatures and checking wavelength calibration accuracy are examples of function checks.
Implementing an Equipment Maintenance Program: Preventive Maintenance
- Preventive maintenance involves systematic and routine cleaning, adjustment, and replacement of equipment parts at scheduled intervals.
- Manufacturers provide recommendations for maintenance tasks to be performed at regular intervals (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly).
- Following these recommendations ensures maximum equipment efficiency and extends its lifespan.
- Implementing preventive maintenance helps prevent:
- Inaccurate test results due to equipment failure
- Delays in reporting results
- Lower productivity
- High repair costs
Maintenance Plan
- A maintenance plan should include preventive maintenance procedures as well as provisions for inventory, troubleshooting, and repair.
- When implementing an equipment maintenance program, initial steps include:
- Assigning responsibility for oversight
- Developing written policies and procedures for equipment maintenance, including routine maintenance plans for each piece of equipment
- Specifying the frequency of maintenance tasks
- Developing record formats, creating logs and forms, and establishing record keeping processes
- Training staff on equipment use and maintenance and ensuring everyone understands their responsibilities
Troubleshooting, Service Repair, and Retiring Equipment
- Equipment problems can manifest in subtle ways, like drift in quality control or calibrator values, or obvious flaws in equipment function.
- Some problems might cause complete equipment failure.
- Train operators to troubleshoot equipment malfunctions and resume testing as quickly as possible.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of heavy equipment, including various machinery systems and their functions. Learn about important factors in the selection of construction equipment to ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness in pre-construction planning.
