34 Questions
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system in relation to nutrients and wastes?
To transport them
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?
Pericardium
Which of the following is NOT a function of the heart?
Producing hormones
What is the location of the mediastinum?
Between the lungs
What is the name of the inferior portion of the heart?
Apex
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
To hold the heart in the mediastinum
What is the main function of the papillary muscles in the heart?
To prevent the valves from being forced open in the opposite direction
What is the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the semilunar valves?
dup
Which circulation is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the body tissues?
Systemic Circulation
What type of cardiac muscle cells generate their own action potentials?
Autorhythmic fibres
What is the sequence of the conduction system in the heart?
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibres, ventricles
What is the location of the SA node in the heart?
In the right atrial wall
What is the effect of increased sympathetic nervous system (SyNS) activity on heart rate?
Increases heart rate
What is the role of thyroid hormones in regulating heart rate and contractility?
Increase heart rate and contractility
What is the term for the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts?
Preload
What is the effect of elevated blood levels of calcium on heart rate and contractility?
Increase heart rate and contractility
What is the effect of decreased sympathetic nervous system (SyNS) activity on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate
What is the term for the amount of blood that fills the ventricles at the end of diastole?
End diastolic volume (EDV)
What is the primary function of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells?
To neutralize, inhibit, or destroy antigens
Which class of immunoglobulin is most commonly found in blood, lymph, and intestines?
IgG
What happens to immune function with aging?
It decreases
What is the effect of exercise on the immune system?
It depends on the type and intensity of exercise
What is the role of IgE in the immune system?
To protect against parasitic worms
What is the effect of post-exercise massage on the immune system?
It has a positive effect
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
120 days
What is the term for the formation of red blood cells?
Hemopoiesis
What is the function of eosinophils in the immune system?
Fighting off parasitic infections and allergic reactions
What is the term for an increased white blood cell count?
Leukocytosis
What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
To help stop bleeding and promote clotting
What is the highest arterial pressure during ventricular systole?
Systolic blood pressure
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To drain excess interstitial fluid and transport lipids
What is the term for the fluid that filters freely from blood capillaries into interstitial space?
Lymph
What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?
To filter lymph and trap foreign substances
What is the name of the largest lymphatic vessel that drains the left side of the head and neck?
Thoracic duct
Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Functions:
- Transportation of nutrients and wastes
- Immunity and protection
- Regulation of pH, body temperature, and fluid levels
- Structures:
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
Heart
- Location: Mediastinum, roughly the size of a closed fist
- Functions:
- Pumping
- Adaptation to changes
- Homeostasis
- Structure:
- Apex (inferior portion)
- Base (superior portion)
Mediastinum
- Boundaries:
- Superiorly: First rib
- Inferiorly: Diaphragm
- Anteriorly: Sternum (breastbone)
- Posteriorly: Vertebral column (spine)
- Contents:
- Heart and its large vessels
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Thymus and lymph nodes
- Connective tissue
Connective Tissues of the Heart
- The Pericardium:
- Fibrous pericardium (outer layer)
- Serous pericardium (inner layer)
- Functions:
- Protects the heart
- Allows for movement
Valves of the Heart
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves:
- Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria
- Semilunar valves:
- Prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles
- Heart sounds:
- "Lub" - AV valves closing
- "Dup" - semilunar valves closing
Blood Circulation
- Pulmonary circulation:
- Deoxygenated blood returns from body tissues to the right atrium
- Pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
- Systemic circulation:
- Oxygenated blood returns from lungs to the left atrium
- Pumps blood to body tissues
Coronary Circulation
- The heart's own circulation system
- Coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart
Conduction System of the Heart
- Specialized cardiac muscle cells generate their own action potentials
- Conduction system:
- SA node
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
- Functions:
- Regulates heart rhythm
- Controls heart rate
Factors Affecting Heart Rate
- Hormones (e.g., epinephrine, thyroid hormones)
- Ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium)
- Age, sex, fitness level, body temperature
Stroke Volume
- Factors affecting stroke volume:
- Preload (degree of stretch on the heart)
- Contractility (strength of contraction)
- Afterload (blood pressure)
Blood Composition
- Red blood cells (RBCs):
- Contain hemoglobin
- Carry oxygen
- Live for approximately 120 days
- Leukocytes (WBCs):
- Fight off foreign invaders
- Phagocytosis and immune responses
- Platelets:
- Help stop bleeding
- Contain substances to promote clotting
- Live for 5-9 days
Lymphatic System
- Functions:
- Drainage of excess interstitial fluid
- Transportation of lipids
- Protection and immune responses
- Structures:
- Lymph (fluid)
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph nodes
- Red bone marrow (where blood cells develop)
Lymphatic Flow
- Capillaries merge into lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic vessels merge into trunks
- Trunks merge into ducts
- Ducts drain into subclavian veins
- Maintained by:
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Diaphragmatic breathing/respiratory pump
- Smooth muscle contraction (minimal contribution)
Test your knowledge of the heart valves, including AV valves and semilunar valves, and their functions in the cardiac cycle. Learn how blood flows through the heart and how the valves control the direction of blood flow. Take this quiz to assess your understanding of the heart's valves.
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