Heart Valves and Chambers

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Pulmonary valve

Mitral valve

Aortic valve

Tricuspid valve (correct)

Which of the following valves is also known as the left atrioventricular valve?

Pulmonary valve

Tricuspid valve

Aortic valve

Mitral valve (correct)

What is a common characteristic shared by all the valves mentioned in the text?

They are all semi-lunar valves.

They are all located on the right side of the heart.

They all have two leaflets.

They all have three leaflets.

They have very little resistance to flow. (correct)

What is the name of the valve that connects the left ventricle to the aorta?

Aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for the mitral valve?

Left atrioventricular valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves is NOT a semi-lunar valve?

Mitral valve Signup and view all the answers

Why is the mitral valve also known as the bicuspid valve?

It has two leaflets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the atrial kick during the cardiac cycle?

To increase left ventricular filling Signup and view all the answers

During diastole, which chamber experiences a higher pressure when the mitral valve opens?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the presence of the P wave on the ECG during the cardiac cycle?

The contraction of the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What happens to aortic pressure during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle?

It falls gradually Signup and view all the answers

At which point in the cardiac cycle is the left ventricle nearly full of blood?

Point #1 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the left ventricular volume during the ejection phase?

It decreases from 120 ml to 50 ml. Signup and view all the answers

What phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by contraction of the heart muscle?

Systole Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the opening of the aortic valve?

When left ventricular pressure reaches about 80 mmHg. Signup and view all the answers

Why does blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle when the mitral valve opens?

Left atrial pressure is higher than left ventricle pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the phases of the cardiac cycle?

Diastole is the phase of filling, and systole is the phase of contraction. Signup and view all the answers

During isovolumic relaxation, which statement is true regarding the pressure in the left ventricle?

It decreases from about 100 mmHg to 20 mmHg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the stroke volume defined as?

The difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume. Signup and view all the answers

At what point does the left ventricular pressure reach its peak systolic maximum?

At the peak of the pressure-volume loop around 120 mmHg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diastolic blood pressure in the aorta?

80 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

When does the left ventricle empty completely?

As pressure in the left ventricle falls below aortic pressure. Signup and view all the answers

During the cardiac cycle, what measurement can be obtained by inserting a catheter into the left ventricle?

Pressures and volumes related to both contractile and relaxation phases. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the shape of the arterial pulse at different points in the vascular tree?

The compliance and physical properties of the vascular network Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'kick' that occurs when the forward pressure wave meets the reflected wave in the aorta?

Augmentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of the two primary heart sounds, S1 and S2?

The closure of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pattern of heart sounds known as 'Lup' 'Dub'?

Normal heart sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the extra heart sounds that are not usually heard?

S3 and S4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where reflected waves can interfere with the forward compression wave, altering the pulse wave?

Interference Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pattern of heart sounds shown in the slide?

Gallop rhythm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in pulse pressure caused by out-of-phase reflected waves?

Damping Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a normal ejection fraction range?

55% to 75% Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a patient has an ejection fraction of 35%?

They are experiencing severe heart failure. Signup and view all the answers

Which function measures how well the heart relaxes between beats?

Diastolic function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes ventricular compliance?

How stiff the ventricle is. Signup and view all the answers

How much pressure does a 30 cm column of blood exert, relevant to the height of the brain above the heart?

23.4 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What affects blood pressure in the body due to gravity?

The hydrostatic pressure of blood. Signup and view all the answers

What does stroke work measure?

The strength of the heart's contraction under various conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate height of the brain above the heart that relates to hydrostatic pressure?

30 cm Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Valves and Anatomy

The heart has four primary valves: the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, and pulmonary valve.
The mitral valve (bicuspid or left atrioventricular valve) separates the left atrium from the left ventricle and has two leaflets.
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, characterized by three leaflets.
The aortic valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, while the pulmonary valve directs blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
Healthy valves offer minimal resistance to blood flow, promoting efficient ventricular filling during atrial contraction.

Cardiac Cycle Phases

The cardiac cycle consists of two main phases: Diastole (relaxation) and Systole (contraction).
During Diastole, aortic pressure decreases, and left atrial pressure temporarily exceeds left ventricular pressure, causing the mitral valve to open.
This leads to an increase in left ventricular volume, peaking around 120 ml.
At Point #1 in the ECG, the P wave indicates left atrial contraction, known as the atrial kick.
Once left ventricular pressure surpasses 80 mmHg, the aortic valve opens and blood is ejected into systemic circulation, reducing ventricular volume to about 50 ml.

Pressure-Volume Loop

The pressure-volume loop depicts the relationship between pressure and volume during the cardiac cycle.
Systolic pressure in the aorta reaches approximately 120 mmHg during maximum ventricular contraction.
The aortic valve closes when left ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, leading to isovolumic relaxation where pressure drops without a change in volume.

Measurement of Cardiac Function

Stroke volume is calculated as the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume.
An ejection fraction of 55-75% is considered normal, while 35% indicates severe heart failure.
Various metrics, including stroke work and contractility, can be measured to assess cardiac function.
Compliance and stiffness of the ventricle are important in evaluating heart failure conditions.

Arterial and Venous Pulses

Hydrostatic pressure changes with height; blood exerts 23.4 mmHg of pressure for every 30 cm, correlating with the height of the brain above the heart.
The shape of arterial pressure pulses varies due to the compliance of the vascular system and reflected waves creating augmentation or damping effects.
Pulse wave morphology differs across blood vessels, influenced by interference and resonance.

Heart Sounds

Primary heart sounds, S1 and S2, indicate valve closures: S1 corresponds to atrioventricular valve closure at the onset of ventricular systole, while S2 marks semilunar valve closure.
Additional heart sounds (S3 and S4) may arise but are typically not audible in a healthy heart.
The "gallop rhythm" is characterized by unusual heart sounds, which may signal specific cardiac conditions.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy of the heart, focusing on the valves and chambers. Identify the different parts of the heart and their functions.