Heart Sounds: S1 and S2
38 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the first heart sound caused by?

  • Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (correct)
  • Opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves
  • Opening of the aortic and pulmonary valves
  • Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

    • What is the normal number of heart sounds heard during each cardiac cycle?

  • Four
  • One
  • Two (correct)
  • Three

    • Which valve closes first during the first heart sound?

  • Aortic valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Mitral valve (correct)

    • What is the second heart sound caused by?

    <p>Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the mitral valve typically listened to during heart sound assessment?

    <p>At the position of the apex beat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the arterial pulse reflect?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common part of the body used to measure the arterial pulse?

    <p>Radial artery in the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the pulse wave is typically studied during arterial pulse examination?

    <p>Character of the pulse wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood pressure typically recorded as?

    <p>A ratio of two numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the top number in a blood pressure reading measure?

    <p>The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can influence blood pressure?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is blood pressure usually measured?

    <p>In the arm artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of blood pressure for an adult?

    <p>120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to measure blood pressure?

    <p>Mercuric sphygmomanometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many methods are there to measure systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the subject to be relaxed before taking their blood pressure?

    <p>To ensure accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with the cuff when placing it around the upper arm?

    <p>Fit it snugly but not too tightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hand should you hold the bulb/pump in if you're right-handed?

    <p>Left hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with the outlet valve while inflating the cuff?

    <p>Open it slightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inflating the cuff until radial pulsation is no longer perceptible?

    <p>To measure systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to measure both systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

    <p>Both a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the subject to be relaxed and rested before taking their blood pressure?

    <p>To ensure accurate readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when you hear the sound for the last time through the stethoscope?

    <p>Note the pressure reading on the manometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid doing when releasing the air from the cuff?

    <p>Letting the air out too suddenly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five phases of korotkove sounds grouped into?

    <p>Five phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the oscillation in the manometer as the pressure is let down from systolic level?

    <p>It gradually increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of using a too-narrow cuff on blood pressure measurement?

    <p>It causes a false high reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you avoid using an arm with an IV site for blood pressure measurement?

    <p>To avoid affecting the reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended difference between arm and leg pressures?

    <p>Less than 10 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of releasing any remaining pressure after measuring diastolic pressure?

    <p>To release any remaining pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you measure the pulse at the wrist?

    <p>Place the index and middle finger over the underside of the opposite wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you determine the heart rate?

    <p>Count the pulse waves for 30 seconds and multiply by two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of heart rate?

    <p>60-100 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bradycardia?

    <p>A heart rate below 60 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average radial pulse?

    <p>73 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood pressure?

    <p>The pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the systolic pressure?

    <p>The maximum pressure in an artery during ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diastolic pressure?

    <p>The lowest pressure in an artery during ventricular relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Sounds

    • Two heart sounds are normally heard by a stethoscope during each cardiac cycle
    • First heart sound (S1):
      • Caused by closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole
      • Mitral valve closes before the tricuspid valve
    • Second heart sound (S2):
      • Caused by closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole and beginning of diastole
      • Delay is greater than in the first heart sound, making it usually audible

    Listening to Heart Sounds

    • Four main areas to listen to heart sounds:
      • Mitral valve: at the position of the apex beat
      • Tricuspid valve: over the xiphoid process
      • Aortic valve: in the 2nd right intercostal space, close to the sternum
      • Pulmonary valve: at the 2nd left intercostal space, close to the sternum

    Arterial Pulse

    • Arterial pulse: a pressure wave distending the arterial wall, starting from the aorta towards peripherally
    • Reflects the number of heartbeats per minute
    • Measured at different parts of the body
    • Common parts to measure:
      • Radial artery in the wrist
      • Brachial artery in the elbow
      • Common carotid artery in the neck

    Assessing Arterial Pulse

    • Characteristics to examine:
      • Heart rate: number of beats per minute
      • Rhythm: regularity of intervals
      • Character of the pulse wave
    • Radial pulse is usually used to assess rate, rhythm, character, and volume
    • Compare pulse volume with the other side (not simultaneously in the case of the carotid pulse)

    Measuring Pulse Rate

    • Method to measure pulse rate:
      1. Place index and middle finger over the underside of the opposite wrist, below the base of the thumb
      2. Press firmly with flat fingers until the pulse is felt in the radial artery
      3. Count the pulse waves for 30 seconds and multiply by two to get the per-minute total
    • Normal range: 60-100 beats per minute
    • Average radial pulse: 73 beats per minute
    • Abnormal rates:
      • Bradycardia (rate below 60)
      • Tachycardia (rate above 100)

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure: the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels
    • Varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure during each heartbeat
    • Measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
    • Recorded as two numbers, written as a ratio (e.g., 117/76 mmHg)
    • Systolic pressure: maximum pressure in an artery during ventricular contraction
    • Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure in an artery during ventricular relaxation
    • Factors influencing blood pressure:
      • Age, gender, and body type
      • Time of day
      • Body position
      • Activity and exercise
      • Emotional status
      • Medication
      • Medical and family history
      • Social habits (e.g., smoking and alcohol consumption)
      • Disease (e.g., kidney, metabolic, or congestive heart failure)
      • Pain
      • Blood volume
      • Blood thickness/viscosity
      • Vessel resistance and size

    Measuring Blood Pressure

    • Measured in the peripheral artery of the arm or leg (usually in the brachial artery)
    • Normal range for adults: 120/80 mmHg
    • Materials needed:
      • Mercuric sphygmomanometer (cuff, inflator, and pressure indicator)
      • Stethoscope
    • Methods to measure blood pressure:
      • Palpatory method (measures systolic pressure)
      • Auscultatory method (measures both systolic and diastolic pressure)

    Korotkoff Sounds

    • Five phases of sounds heard during blood pressure measurement:
      1. Sudden appearance of sharp tapping sound (systolic)
      2. Swishing sound
      3. Crisp sound (loud knocking)
      4. Muffled sound
      5. Silence (sound disappeared)

    Blood Pressure Tips

    • Avoid errors in measurement:
      • Too-narrow cuff: causes a false high reading
      • Too-wide cuff: causes a false low reading
      • Cuff wrapped too loosely: causes a false high reading
      • Arm above heart level: causes a false low reading
      • Muscle contracted on arm: causes a false high reading
    • Arm pressures should not differ more than 10 mm Hg
    • Leg pressures should be the same or slightly higher than arm pressures

    Which Arm to Use?

    • Usually, either arm can be used for BP measurement, but avoid using an arm with:
      • Injury or cast
      • IV site
      • Mastectomy
      • Vascular access for dialysis

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the normal heart sounds, including the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), and their relation to the mitral and tricuspid valves.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser