22 Questions
What is the normal rhythm of the apex (mitral) heartbeat?
Regular
What is the term for a heart rate of 60 BPM or less?
Bradycardia
What is the term for a heart rate of 100 BPM or more?
Tachycardia
Which of the following is a symptom of Angina Pectoris?
Dyspnea
What is the term for the failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body?
Congestive Heart Failure
What is the term for an extra heartbeat sound that can be heard in children and young adults without heart disease?
Physiological S3 and S4
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in the cardiovascular system?
To control the contractions of the heart
What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria
What is the normal weight of the heart in adult females?
200-275 g
What is the function of the pulmonic semilunar valve?
To prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle
What is the function of the left ventricle in the heart?
To pump blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta
What is the result of the closure of the atrioventricular valves?
The first heart sound (S1)
What is the purpose of the pulmonary veins in the heart?
To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
What lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?
Aortic semilunar valve
What is the term for the early diastolic filling sound that can be heard after S2?
S3
What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cavae in the heart?
To carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
What is the term for the turbulent blood flow sound that can be auscultated over the precordium?
Murmurs
What is the condition that can contribute to turbulent blood flow and murmurs?
All of the above
What is the name of the valve located on the left side of the heart that prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
What is the location of the heart in the chest?
Centrally, behind the protective sternum
What is the second heart sound (S2) a result of?
Closure of the semilunar valves
What is the term for the late diastolic sound that can be heard just before S1?
S4
Study Notes
Heart Rate and Rhythm
- Apex (Mitral) heart rate depends on age
- Normal rhythm is regular, with S1 and S2 sounds
- S1 is high-pitched and short in duration, with no extra sounds
- Physiological S3 and S4 may be heard in children and young adults without heart disease
Deviations from Normal
- Bradycardia: rates 60 BPM or less
- Tachycardia: rates 100 BPM or more
- Irregular rhythm: Arrhythmia
- Quadruple rhythm: S3 S4 with fast rate, also known as a summation gallop
Common Abnormalities
- Angina Pectoris: chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia, accompanied by anxiety, diaphoresis, dyspnea, tachycardia, and pulsus alternans
- Congestive Heart Failure: failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body, can be right, left, or both
Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system plays an important role in the body, delivering oxygenated blood and removing waste products
- The autonomic nervous system controls how the heart pumps
- The vascular network carries blood throughout the body, keeps the heart filled with blood, and maintains blood pressure
The Heart
- The heart is a cone-shaped muscle with four chambers, located centrally in the chest behind the sternum
- It is about the size of a clenched fist, weighing 250-390g in adult males and 200-275g in adult females
- The heart pumps blood throughout the circulatory system
Heart Chambers, Valves, and Circulatory Flow
- The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
- The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
- The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation
- The heart has four valves: tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), pulmonic semilunar, and aortic semilunar
Heart Sounds
- Heart sounds are produced by valve closure, with S1 and S2 being the normal sounds
- S1 is the "lub" sound, resulting from closure of the atrioventricular valves, and correlates with the beginning of systole
- S2 is the "dubb" sound, resulting from closure of the semilunar valves, and correlates with the beginning of diastole
- Extra heart sounds include S3 and S4, which are diastolic filling sounds, and murmurs, which are audible and prolonged sounds resulting from turbulent blood flow
This quiz covers the normal characteristics of apex (mitral) heart sounds, including rate, rhythm, and physiological extra sounds in children and young adults.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
