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Apex (Mitral) Heart Sounds
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Apex (Mitral) Heart Sounds

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal rhythm of the apex (mitral) heartbeat?

  • Bradycardia
  • Irregular
  • Quadruple
  • Regular (correct)
  • What is the term for a heart rate of 60 BPM or less?

  • Tachycardia
  • Bradycardia (correct)
  • Summation gallop
  • Arrhythmia
  • What is the term for a heart rate of 100 BPM or more?

  • Arrhythmia
  • Bradycardia
  • Tachycardia (correct)
  • Summation gallop
  • Which of the following is a symptom of Angina Pectoris?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body?

    <p>Congestive Heart Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an extra heartbeat sound that can be heard in children and young adults without heart disease?

    <p>Physiological S3 and S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>To control the contractions of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?

    <p>To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal weight of the heart in adult females?

    <p>200-275 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonic semilunar valve?

    <p>To prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the left ventricle in the heart?

    <p>To pump blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the closure of the atrioventricular valves?

    <p>The first heart sound (S1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pulmonary veins in the heart?

    <p>To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?

    <p>Aortic semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the early diastolic filling sound that can be heard after S2?

    <p>S3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cavae in the heart?

    <p>To carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the turbulent blood flow sound that can be auscultated over the precordium?

    <p>Murmurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition that can contribute to turbulent blood flow and murmurs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the valve located on the left side of the heart that prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

    <p>Bicuspid (mitral) valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the heart in the chest?

    <p>Centrally, behind the protective sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second heart sound (S2) a result of?

    <p>Closure of the semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the late diastolic sound that can be heard just before S1?

    <p>S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Rate and Rhythm

    • Apex (Mitral) heart rate depends on age
    • Normal rhythm is regular, with S1 and S2 sounds
    • S1 is high-pitched and short in duration, with no extra sounds
    • Physiological S3 and S4 may be heard in children and young adults without heart disease

    Deviations from Normal

    • Bradycardia: rates 60 BPM or less
    • Tachycardia: rates 100 BPM or more
    • Irregular rhythm: Arrhythmia
    • Quadruple rhythm: S3 S4 with fast rate, also known as a summation gallop

    Common Abnormalities

    • Angina Pectoris: chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia, accompanied by anxiety, diaphoresis, dyspnea, tachycardia, and pulsus alternans
    • Congestive Heart Failure: failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body, can be right, left, or both

    Cardiovascular System

    • The cardiovascular system plays an important role in the body, delivering oxygenated blood and removing waste products
    • The autonomic nervous system controls how the heart pumps
    • The vascular network carries blood throughout the body, keeps the heart filled with blood, and maintains blood pressure

    The Heart

    • The heart is a cone-shaped muscle with four chambers, located centrally in the chest behind the sternum
    • It is about the size of a clenched fist, weighing 250-390g in adult males and 200-275g in adult females
    • The heart pumps blood throughout the circulatory system

    Heart Chambers, Valves, and Circulatory Flow

    • The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
    • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
    • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation
    • The heart has four valves: tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), pulmonic semilunar, and aortic semilunar

    Heart Sounds

    • Heart sounds are produced by valve closure, with S1 and S2 being the normal sounds
    • S1 is the "lub" sound, resulting from closure of the atrioventricular valves, and correlates with the beginning of systole
    • S2 is the "dubb" sound, resulting from closure of the semilunar valves, and correlates with the beginning of diastole
    • Extra heart sounds include S3 and S4, which are diastolic filling sounds, and murmurs, which are audible and prolonged sounds resulting from turbulent blood flow

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    Description

    This quiz covers the normal characteristics of apex (mitral) heart sounds, including rate, rhythm, and physiological extra sounds in children and young adults.

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