Apex (Mitral) Heart Sounds

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal rhythm of the apex (mitral) heartbeat?

Bradycardia

Irregular

Quadruple

Regular (correct)

What is the term for a heart rate of 60 BPM or less?

Tachycardia

Bradycardia (correct)

Summation gallop

Arrhythmia

What is the term for a heart rate of 100 BPM or more?

Arrhythmia

Bradycardia

Tachycardia (correct)

Summation gallop

Which of the following is a symptom of Angina Pectoris?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body?

Congestive Heart Failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an extra heartbeat sound that can be heard in children and young adults without heart disease?

Physiological S3 and S4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in the cardiovascular system?

To control the contractions of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?

To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal weight of the heart in adult females?

200-275 g Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonic semilunar valve?

To prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the left ventricle in the heart?

To pump blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the closure of the atrioventricular valves?

The first heart sound (S1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulmonary veins in the heart?

To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Aortic semilunar valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the early diastolic filling sound that can be heard after S2?

S3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the superior and inferior vena cavae in the heart?

To carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the turbulent blood flow sound that can be auscultated over the precordium?

Murmurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that can contribute to turbulent blood flow and murmurs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve located on the left side of the heart that prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Bicuspid (mitral) valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the heart in the chest?

Centrally, behind the protective sternum Signup and view all the answers

What is the second heart sound (S2) a result of?

Closure of the semilunar valves Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the late diastolic sound that can be heard just before S1?

S4 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Rate and Rhythm

Apex (Mitral) heart rate depends on age
Normal rhythm is regular, with S1 and S2 sounds
S1 is high-pitched and short in duration, with no extra sounds
Physiological S3 and S4 may be heard in children and young adults without heart disease

Deviations from Normal

Bradycardia: rates 60 BPM or less
Tachycardia: rates 100 BPM or more
Irregular rhythm: Arrhythmia
Quadruple rhythm: S3 S4 with fast rate, also known as a summation gallop

Common Abnormalities

Angina Pectoris: chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia, accompanied by anxiety, diaphoresis, dyspnea, tachycardia, and pulsus alternans
Congestive Heart Failure: failure of the heart to pump sufficiently to meet the demands of the body, can be right, left, or both

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system plays an important role in the body, delivering oxygenated blood and removing waste products
The autonomic nervous system controls how the heart pumps
The vascular network carries blood throughout the body, keeps the heart filled with blood, and maintains blood pressure

The Heart

The heart is a cone-shaped muscle with four chambers, located centrally in the chest behind the sternum
It is about the size of a clenched fist, weighing 250-390g in adult males and 200-275g in adult females
The heart pumps blood throughout the circulatory system

Heart Chambers, Valves, and Circulatory Flow

The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation
The heart has four valves: tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), pulmonic semilunar, and aortic semilunar

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are produced by valve closure, with S1 and S2 being the normal sounds
S1 is the "lub" sound, resulting from closure of the atrioventricular valves, and correlates with the beginning of systole
S2 is the "dubb" sound, resulting from closure of the semilunar valves, and correlates with the beginning of diastole
Extra heart sounds include S3 and S4, which are diastolic filling sounds, and murmurs, which are audible and prolonged sounds resulting from turbulent blood flow

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Description

This quiz covers the normal characteristics of apex (mitral) heart sounds, including rate, rhythm, and physiological extra sounds in children and young adults.