Heart Failure Concepts Quiz
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What is the primary reason for high-output heart failure?

  • The heart pumps excessively fast.
  • The heart cannot meet the unusually high demand for blood. (correct)
  • The heart's ejection fraction is low.
  • The heart is physically damaged.

    • What type of heart failure is characterized by a failure of the pump?

  • Diastolic dysfunction
  • Low-output HF
  • High-output HF
  • Systolic dysfunction (correct)

    • Symptoms of decompensated heart failure only appear with low cardiac output.

    True

    High-output heart failure is characterized by an excessive increase in systemic vascular resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one symptom that may indicate the presence of high-output heart failure.

    <p>Hot skin or tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one cause of low-output heart failure due to systolic dysfunction.

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low-output HF can be caused by __________ injury.

    <p>myocardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heart failure, _______ is a term that describes the sudden global circulatory failure.

    <p>shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes with their corresponding type of heart failure dysfunction:

    <p>Arrhythmias = Diastolic dysfunction Valve stenosis = Systolic dysfunction Valvular insufficiency = Diastolic dysfunction Myocardial injury = Systolic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of heart failure with its description:

    <p>Left heart failure = Inadequate blood supply to the lungs Right heart failure = Inadequate blood supply to the body Decompensated heart failure = Insufficient cardiac output despite normal function High-output heart failure = Heart cannot meet high demand for blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition refers to pressure overload that can contribute to low-output heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanical ventricular overload is not a cause of low-output heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diastolic dysfunction primarily affect?

    <p>The filling of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-output heart failure is due to an excessive __________ in systemic vascular resistance.

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heart failure primarily characterized by?

    <p>Inability of the heart to pump enough blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure only occurs in the presence of shock.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one consequence of circulatory insufficiency.

    <p>Decrease in tissue oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure involves a neurohumoral __________ reaction.

    <p>compensatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to heart conditions with their definitions:

    <p>Circulatory Insufficiency = Inability to provide tissues with necessary blood Heart Failure = Complex syndrome affecting pump function Decompensated Heart Failure = Condition where compensatory mechanisms fail Shock = Critical condition of inadequate blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of heart failure refers to its impact on specific organs?

    <p>Organ specific heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological demand that heart failure fails to meet?

    <p>Metabolic needs of the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypertrophy is associated with pressure overload?

    <p>Concentric myocardial hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In volume overload, sarcomeres replicate in parallel.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased oxygen consumption on the myocardium?

    <p>It leads to increased oxygen demand and can decrease contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In concentric hypertrophy, there is a decrease in __________.

    <p>distensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their descriptions:

    <p>Increased systolic wall stress = Occurs during pressure overload Increased diastolic wall stress = Occurs during volume overload Decreased contractility = More intense in eccentric hypertrophy Sarcomeres in parallel = Associated with concentric hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of increased apoptosis in the myocardium?

    <p>Decreased contractile myocardial mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eccentric hypertrophy leads to replication of sarcomeres in series.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue increase is associated with chronic heart failure?

    <p>Fibrous tissue increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased __________ consumption leads to a reduction in contractility.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the primary issue in eccentric hypertrophy?

    <p>Increased preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with high-output heart failure?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertrophy can lead to less distensibility of the ventricles during diastole.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one compensatory mechanism developed by the body during heart failure.

    <p>Systemic neuro-endocrine response or Ventricular remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure can be categorized as __________ if compensation mechanisms fail.

    <p>decompensated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of high-output heart failure with their descriptions:

    <p>Anemia = A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin Beriberi = A condition caused by thiamine deficiency Hyperthyroidism = Excess production of thyroid hormone Paget's disease = A bone disease that disrupts the body's normal bone recycling process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compensatory mechanism is NOT associated with heart failure?

    <p>Increased oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compensated heart failure indicates that the compensation mechanisms are functioning correctly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ischemia have on the ventricles during diastole?

    <p>Decreased distensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventricular __________ is one of the compensatory mechanisms in heart failure.

    <p>remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'decompensated heart failure'?

    <p>Failure of compensatory mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dentistry Degree - Unit III: Heart Failure

    • Unit 3 covers the physiopathology and semiology of the cardiovascular system.
    • Lesson 17 specifically focuses on heart failure.

    Unit III. Lesson 17 Index

    • Circulatory insufficiency
    • Heart failure
    • Decompensated Heart Failure
    • Shock

    Circulatory Insufficiency (1.1 General concepts)

    • The circulatory system's inability to provide tissues with the necessary blood volume for their needs.
    • Consequences include decreased tissue oxygenation, reduced substrate contribution for metabolism, and impaired removal of residual products.

    Circulatory Insufficiency (1.2 Classification)

    • Global, affecting the entire body.
    • Organ-specific, impacting only certain organs.
    • Heart failure is a type of global circulatory insufficiency
    • Shock is another possible outcome.

    Heart Failure (2.1 Concept)

    • Heart failure is a complex condition combining the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood volume to meet tissue needs with a neurohormonal compensatory response.

    Heart Failure (2.2 Classification)

    • Low-output HF (Lo-HF): Failure of the heart's pumping mechanism. Subcategories include systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction.
    • High-output HF: The heart pumps adequately but with high volume demands.

    Heart Failure (2.3 Mechanisms and Causes)

    • Low-output HF due to systolic dysfunction involves arrhythmias, myocardial injury (ischemia, myocarditis, toxic/metabolic myocardiopathies), and mechanical/pressure/volume overload (valve stenosis, insufficiency, anomalous communication).
    • Low-output HF due to diastolic dysfunction involves arrhythmias, atrioventricular flow obstruction (valve stenosis), reduced ventricular distensibility (pericardial effusion, ischemia, hypertrophy).
    • High-output HF can arise from conditions such as anemia, beriberi, hyperthyroidism, and Paget's disease.

    Heart Failure (2.4 Compensatory Mechanisms)

    • The body initially responds to heart failure through compensatory mechanisms.
    • Two main mechanisms are systemic neuro-endocrine responses and ventricular remodeling.
    • Systemic neuro-endocrine response: The body activates the sympathetic nervous system, releases catecholamines, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and increases ADH secretion to elevate blood volume, pressure and heart rate.
    • Ventricular remodeling occurs in response to pressure or volume overload. It can manifest as concentric (pressure overload) or eccentric (volume overload) hypertrophy. This involves changes in myocardial structure, impacting its efficiency and leading to further damage.

    Heart Failure (2.5 Pathogeny)

    • Increased myocardial oxygen consumption
    • Reduced myocardial contractility/distensibility
    • Less efficient sarcomere function, as the presence of fetal sarcomere isoforms.
    • Reduced contractile myocardial mass from factors like catecholamine cytotoxicity, increased apoptosis, or necrosis.

    Decompensated Heart Failure (3.1 Concept)

    • Decompensated heart failure occurs when compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to adverse effects such as sudden or gradual onset of heart failure symptoms that require unplanned medical attention (e.g., office visits, ER).

    Decompensated Heart Failure (3.2 Clinical Manifestations)

    • Manifestations include tissue hypoperfusion or ischemia, lung congestion, and systemic venous congestion.

    Decompensated Heart Failure (3.3 Classification)

    • Left-sided heart failure
    • Right-sided heart failure
    • High-output heart failure
    • 3.3.1 Left-sided heart failure: Symptoms and Physical Exam findings are described
    • 3.3.2 Right-sided heart failure: Symptoms and Physical exam findings are described.
    • 3.3.3 High-output heart failure: Defined and explained
    • 3.3.3.1 High-output heart failure: Symptoms including hyperdynamic state, hot skin, elevated heart rate, and potential functional murmurs.

    Decompensated Heart Failure (3.3.1 Left-sided Heart Failure, 3.3.2 Right-sided Heart Failure, 3.3.3 High-output Heart Failure) (Complementary Exploration)

    • ECG for hypertrophy
    • X-Rays showing pulmonary congestion
    • Echocardiogram to assess hypertrophy, dilation, cardiac function, and pulmonary artery pressure. Explaining those tests.

    Shock (4.1 Concept)

    • Global circulatory failure causing generalized ischemia (inadequate blood flow to tissues) due to inadequate perfusion.
    • Characterized as cellular and tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery, increased oxygen consumption, or inadequate oxygen utilization.

    Shock (4.2 Classification)

    • Cardiogenic shock
    • Hypovolemic shock
    • Distributive shock
    • Obstructive shock
    • 4.2.1 Cardiogenic shock: Lower cardiac output and hypoxia with adequate blood volume.
    • 4.2.2 Hypovolemic shock: Inadequate blood volume due to various, severe blood/fluid losses.
    • 4.2.3 Distributive shock: Abnormal dilation of blood vessels impacting blood flow to organs.
    • 4.2.4 Obstructive Obstructive shock: Physical obstructions impede blood flow into/out of the heart

    Shock (4.3 Compensatory Mechanisms)

    • The body attempts a neuro-endocrine response (sympathetic system, catecholamines, RAAS, increased ADH secretion).
    • These responses aim to restore normal circulatory function but are often less intense given the speed of shock progression.

    Shock (4.4 Manifestations and Consequences)

    • Anamnesis: Confusion, progressive clouding of consciousness, oliguria (low urine output), and dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
    • Physical Examination: Pale, cold skin, peripheral cyanosis, sweating, and changes in heart rate and breathing
    • Laboratory findings include metabolic acidosis. Explaining the types of acidosis and the significance of measuring them.

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    Dentistry Degree Unit III Lesson 17 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of heart failure types, causes, and symptoms with this quiz. From high-output to low-output heart failure, explore the mechanisms and characteristics that distinguish each condition. Perfect for students studying cardiology or related health fields.

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