Heart Failure Clinical Pharmacist Dr.Fatima Bani Salama Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does heart failure denote?

  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Success of the heart as a pump
  • Improved cardiac reserve
  • Failure of the heart as a pump (correct)

    • Which of the following is a cause of heart failure?

  • High cardiac reserve
  • Decreased preload
  • Low afterload
  • Hypertension (correct)

    • What is the main symptom of left-sided heart failure?

  • Coughing up blood
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Swollen ankles
  • Shortness of breath (correct)

    • What does cardiac reserve refer to?

    <p>Ability to increase cardiac output during increased activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the physiology of heart failure?

    <p>Inability to maintain sufficient cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural changes can occur in inappropriate hyperatrophy?

    <p>Increased muscle mass and chamber dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes diastolic dysfunction?

    <p>Smaller ventricular chamber size and poor ventricular compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Edema in lower extremities and weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Myocardial infarction (MI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does systolic dysfunction involve?

    <p>Decrease in ejection fraction and ventricular wall tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Mitral stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on stroke volume?

    <p>Increases ventricular end-diastolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure?

    <p>Transmitted to the atria and pulmonary circulation causing congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased sympathetic nervous system activity on peripheral vascular resistance?

    <p>Increases peripheral vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to increased work demands, what does cardiac muscle undergo?

    <p>Hyperatrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism results in stimulation of aldosterone leading to water and salt retention?

    <p>Renin-Angiotensin mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an increase in wall tension on O2 consumption?

    <p>Increases O2 consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Failure

    • Heart failure denotes the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs.

    Causes of Heart Failure

    • One of the causes of heart failure is inappropriate hyperatrophy.

    Left-Sided Heart Failure

    • The main symptom of left-sided heart failure is pulmonary congestion.
    • The most common cause of left-sided heart failure is coronary artery disease.

    Cardiac Reserve

    • Cardiac reserve refers to the heart's ability to increase its output in response to increased demands.

    Physiology of Heart Failure

    • A key factor in the physiology of heart failure is the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
    • The primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on stroke volume is an increase in stroke volume.

    Systolic Dysfunction

    • Systolic dysfunction involves the inability of the heart to contract effectively.

    Diastolic Dysfunction

    • Diastolic dysfunction is characterized by the inability of the heart to relax and fill effectively.

    Right-Sided Heart Failure

    • Right-sided heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the lungs.
    • Causes of right-sided heart failure include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac tamponade.

    Cardiac Muscle Response

    • In response to increased work demands, cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy.

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

    • The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system results in stimulation of aldosterone leading to water and salt retention.

    Consequences of Heart Failure

    • The consequence of chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is cardiac remodeling.
    • The consequence of an increase in wall tension on O2 consumption is an increase in O2 consumption.
    • The effect of increased sympathetic nervous system activity on peripheral vascular resistance is an increase in peripheral vascular resistance.

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    Description

    Learn about the physiology of heart failure, compensated heart failure, congestive heart failure (CHF), and the main symptoms of left and right-sided heart failure in this comprehensive overview by Clinical Pharmacist Dr. Fatima Bani Salama.

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