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Questions and Answers
Which layer of the embryonic tissue does the heart form from?
Which layer of the embryonic tissue does the heart form from?
- Mesoderm (correct)
- Endoderm
- Ectoderm
- Epidermis
When does the heart start functioning in the developing embryo?
When does the heart start functioning in the developing embryo?
- 22-23 days (correct)
- 20-21 days
- 10-11 days
- 15-16 days
What happens to the heart initially during development?
What happens to the heart initially during development?
- It forms as a tube (correct)
- It forms as a solid mass
- It forms as multiple chambers
- It forms as a sac
During development, the heart field develops from which layer of the embryonic tissue?
During development, the heart field develops from which layer of the embryonic tissue?
What is the name given to the cells of the heart field that migrate between the mesoderm and endoderm?
What is the name given to the cells of the heart field that migrate between the mesoderm and endoderm?
What do the cardiogenic cords eventually form during heart development?
What do the cardiogenic cords eventually form during heart development?
What structures does the secondary heart field (SHF) contribute to during heart development?
What structures does the secondary heart field (SHF) contribute to during heart development?
During which week of development do the two endocardial tubes fuse to form a single heart tube?
During which week of development do the two endocardial tubes fuse to form a single heart tube?
Which heart field initiates the formation of the heart tube during development?
Which heart field initiates the formation of the heart tube during development?
What happens to the two endocardial tubes as the embryo undergoes lateral folding?
What happens to the two endocardial tubes as the embryo undergoes lateral folding?
Which structure forms most of the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Which structure forms most of the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
What is the name given to the cells that migrate between the mesoderm and endoderm during heart development?
What is the name given to the cells that migrate between the mesoderm and endoderm during heart development?
Which part forms the anterior parts of the right and left atria?
Which part forms the anterior parts of the right and left atria?
Which portion of the heart tube receives blood from the umbilical, vitelline, and common cardinal veins on each side?
Which portion of the heart tube receives blood from the umbilical, vitelline, and common cardinal veins on each side?
Which structure forms the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium?
Which structure forms the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium?
Which portion of the heart tube is continuous with the left ventricle through the primary interventricular foramen?
Which portion of the heart tube is continuous with the left ventricle through the primary interventricular foramen?
Which portion of the heart tube divides into paired dorsal aortae (aortic roots)?
Which portion of the heart tube divides into paired dorsal aortae (aortic roots)?
Which portion of the heart tube contributes to the formation of the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Which portion of the heart tube contributes to the formation of the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Which structure forms the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava?
Which structure forms the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava?
Which heart field contributes to the growth of the bulbs cordis?
Which heart field contributes to the growth of the bulbs cordis?
During heart development, which structure forms a complete partition in the atrial cavity?
During heart development, which structure forms a complete partition in the atrial cavity?
What forms the muscular interventricular septum during ventricular septum formation?
What forms the muscular interventricular septum during ventricular septum formation?
Which structure forms the membranous part of the interventricular septum?
Which structure forms the membranous part of the interventricular septum?
Which structure is involved in the septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and conus cordis?
Which structure is involved in the septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and conus cordis?
What is the final step in the closure of the interventricular foramen during ventricular septum formation?
What is the final step in the closure of the interventricular foramen during ventricular septum formation?
Which structure is responsible for excessive resorption in atrial septal defects (ASD)?
Which structure is responsible for excessive resorption in atrial septal defects (ASD)?
Which is NOT the characteristic feature of atrial septal defects (ASD)?
Which is NOT the characteristic feature of atrial septal defects (ASD)?
Which defect is associated with a persistent truncus arteriosus and an interventricular septal defect?
Which defect is associated with a persistent truncus arteriosus and an interventricular septal defect?
Which structure does the septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and conus cordis occur alongside?
Which structure does the septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and conus cordis occur alongside?
Which structure connects the aorta with the pulmonary artery, further shunting blood away from the lungs and into the aorta?
Which structure connects the aorta with the pulmonary artery, further shunting blood away from the lungs and into the aorta?
Which structures form the heart fields in the process of heart development?
Which structures form the heart fields in the process of heart development?
Which structures form to divide the heart into compartments?
Which structures form to divide the heart into compartments?
What happens to the fetal shunts after birth?
What happens to the fetal shunts after birth?
What is the characteristic of the oval foramen in atrial septal defects (ASD)?
What is the characteristic of the oval foramen in atrial septal defects (ASD)?
Which structure shunts oxygenated blood from the placenta away from the semifunctional liver and toward the heart?
Which structure shunts oxygenated blood from the placenta away from the semifunctional liver and toward the heart?
Which structure allows oxygenated blood in the right atrium to reach the left atrium?
Which structure allows oxygenated blood in the right atrium to reach the left atrium?
Which of the following is true regarding Fallot's Tetralogy?
Which of the following is true regarding Fallot's Tetralogy?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of Fallot's Tetralogy?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of Fallot's Tetralogy?
How does the endocardial heart tube transform into its adult shape during development?
How does the endocardial heart tube transform into its adult shape during development?
Which structures form the compartments of the heart during development?
Which structures form the compartments of the heart during development?
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Study Notes
Heart Development
- The heart forms from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) layer of embryonic tissue.
- The heart starts functioning in the developing embryo around week 3-4.
- Initially, during development, the heart field develops from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) layer.
Heart Field and Migration
- The cells of the heart field that migrate between the mesoderm and endoderm are called cardiogenic cells or precordial cells.
- The cardiogenic cords eventually form the heart tube during heart development.
Heart Tube Formation
- The primary heart field (PHF) initiates the formation of the heart tube during development.
- The two endocardial tubes fuse to form a single heart tube during week 3-4 of development.
- During lateral folding, the two endocardial tubes come close together and eventually fuse.
Structures and Contributions
- The secondary heart field (SHF) contributes to the formation of the right ventricle, outflow tracts (aorta and pulmonary trunk), and the superior vena cava.
- The anterior heart field (AHF) forms the anterior parts of the right and left atria.
- The sinus venosus receives blood from the umbilical, vitelline, and common cardinal veins on each side.
- The secondary heart field (SHF) forms the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium.
- The bulbis cordis forms the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
- The primary interventricular foramen connects the left ventricle to the heart tube.
Ventricular Septum Formation
- The muscular interventricular septum forms through the growth and fusion of the ventricular walls.
- The membranous part of the interventricular septum forms through the fusion of the atrioventricular canal cushions.
- The conotruncal septum forms the membranous part of the interventricular septum during ventricular septum formation.
- The final step in the closure of the interventricular foramen is the fusion of the septum with the ventricular wall.
Atrial Septal Defects (ASD)
- Excessive resorption of the septum primum is responsible for atrial septal defects (ASD).
- The characteristic feature of atrial septal defects (ASD) is a persistent opening in the atrial septum.
- Atrial septal defects (ASD) are associated with a persistent truncus arteriosus and an interventricular septal defect.
Heart Development and Birth
- The fetal shunts close after birth, redirecting blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
- The ductus arteriosus connects the aorta with the pulmonary artery, shunting blood away from the lungs and into the aorta.
- The foramen ovale allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to reach the left atrium.
- The foramen ovale closes after birth, and the septum primum forms the fossa ovalis.
Fallot's Tetralogy
- Fallot's Tetralogy is characterized by a combination of four heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
- Fallot's Tetralogy is associated with a ventricular septal defect, not an atrial septal defect.
Heart Tube Transformation
- The endocardial heart tube transforms into its adult shape through the formation of septa and the growth of the ventricular walls.
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