Heart Chambers and Valves Quiz

The upper chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

The lower chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

A valve between the right atrium and right ventricle that controls blood flow.

A valve that controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

The largest veins in the body that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.

The chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

The largest and strongest chamber of the heart responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to the aorta and the rest of the body.

The heart valves that prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria, allowing for efficient blood circulation.

The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle, composed of three cusps.

The heart valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta, responsible for preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricle.

The most outward and lower "Visible & Palpable" point of heart pulsation.

Normally formed by the left ventricle of the heart.

A shift of the apex outward and diffuse (weak) pulsation.

A shift of the apex outward and downward, usually localized and forceful.

Felt in more than one intercostal space.

Abnormal awareness of heart beats, either regular or irregular.

A strong, systolic thrill is felt in the left 4th intercostal space, often with a blowing murmur.

This is a strong, diastolic thrill felt in the left 2nd intercostal space, usually with a rumbling murmur.

A palpable (strong) S2 sound felt at the 2nd left intercostal space. It's a sign of high pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

The apex beat is shifted outward and downward, usually in the next intercostal space. It's a sign of left ventricular enlargement.

A heart defect present at birth, affecting the structure of the heart.

A category of CHD characterized by a lack of oxygen in the blood, causing a bluish tint to the skin.

A type of CHD where blood flows from the left side of the heart to the right side, causing increased blood flow to the lungs.

A type of CHD characterized by a blockage or narrowing of a major blood vessel, increasing pressure in the heart.

A type of CHD where the pulmonary valve, which regulates blood flow to the lungs, is narrowed.

The first heart sound, 'S1', is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

The second heart sound, 'S2', is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

A palpable murmur is called a thrill and can be felt when the murmur is loud enough.

Mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation can cause a decrease in the intensity of the first heart sound 'S1'.

Murmurs associated with left-sided heart problems often increase in intensity during expiration.

Echocardiography with Doppler is a primary diagnostic tool used to investigate congenital heart disease.

The procedure shows the structure of the heart and the flow of blood through the different chambers and vessels. It combines anatomical imaging with Doppler technology to assess blood flow velocity and direction.

Besides echocardiography, a chest X-ray (baseline) and ECG are also performed.

Fetal circulation is a complex process where blood bypasses the lungs and oxygen is delivered from the placenta.

The foramen ovale allows oxygenated blood from the right atrium to bypass the lungs and enter the left atrium.

The contraction of the atria, pushing blood into the ventricles, corresponding to the P-wave on an ECG.

The first phase of ventricular contraction, where pressure in the ventricles rises, closing the AV valves, but not yet opening the semilunar valves.

The second phase of ventricular contraction, where pressure in the ventricles exceeds pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery, opening the semilunar valves and ejecting blood.

The initial relaxation period of the ventricles, where the semilunar valves close preventing backflow, and blood flows back into the atria.

The complete relaxation of the heart chambers, where the ventricles passively fill with blood as pressure in the atria exceeds that in the ventricles.

A condition characterized by four heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. This combination leads to a decrease in blood flow to the lungs, resulting in cyanosis.

A narrowing of the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the blood vessel leading to the lungs). This restricts blood flow to the lungs, resulting in decreased oxygenation of the blood.

A large hole in the wall separating the right and left ventricles. This allows deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to flow directly into the aorta, bypassing the lungs.

A condition where the aorta, the main artery carrying blood from the heart, originates over the hole in the ventricular septum, receiving blood from both the left and right ventricles.

The right ventricle becomes thicker and stronger due to the increased pressure required to push blood through the narrowed pulmonary valve and the hole in the ventricular septum.

Deoxygenated blood travels from the fetus's body to the heart through the umbilical cord, while oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the fetus through the same cord, reaching the heart.

The ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery, normally closes after birth. When it remains open, oxygenated blood from the aorta mixes with deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery, resulting in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Cyanogenic heart defects cause cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin, due to insufficient oxygenated blood reaching the tissues.

These defects don't usually lead to cyanosis because they don't disrupt oxygenated blood flow to the body as significantly.

Acyanotic defects can cause fatigue, murmurs, increased risk of endocarditis, heart failure, and growth retardation. Examples include patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), atrial septal defect (ASD), and ventricular septal defect (VSD).