Heart Anatomy and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is NOT located posteriorly to the heart?

  • Descending aorta
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Sternum (correct)

The visceral pericardium is also known as the myocardium.

False (B)

What is the function of the fluid in the pericardial space?

It allows smooth movement of the heart.

The outer fibrous layer of the pericardium is attached to the ______ below.

<p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many layers of tissue make up the heart wall?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle is voluntary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following heart wall layers with their descriptions:

<p>Pericardium = Outer covering of the heart Myocardium = Middle muscular layer of the heart Endocardium = Inner layer of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides contractile fibers, what other two types of muscle fibers does the myocardium contain?

<p>Pacemaker fibers and conductive fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is the innermost?

<p>Endocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

<p>mitral valve or bicuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right atrium contains the ______ node, which produces cardiac impulses.

<p>sinoatrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carries venous blood to the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interventricular septum is solely a muscular structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their function:

<p>Tricuspid valve = Separates right atrium and right ventricle Mitral valve = Separates left atrium and left ventricle Trabeculae carneae = Help with forceful ejection of blood from the ventricles Sinoatrial node = Produces cardiac impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

<p>to ensure one directional blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of valve found in the heart?

<p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left atrioventricular valve is also known as the tricuspid valve.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

<p>prevent the back flow of blood from ventricle to atria during ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The semilunar valves are located at the opening of the systemic aorta and the __________ artery.

<p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood vessels with their function:

<p>Superior vena cava = Returns venous blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs Inferior vena cava = Returns venous blood from the lower parts of the body Coronary sinus = Returns venous blood from the heart Pulmonary veins = Returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a direct branch of the aorta?

<p>Right coronary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systemic circulation involves the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pulmonary circulation, where does the exchange of gases occur?

<p>alveoli of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood is carried by the pulmonary veins back to the left atrium?

<p>Oxygenated blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mitral valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

<p>exchange of substances between blood and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The venous system returns blood to the ______ atrium of the heart.

<p>right</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these arteries directly branch off the aorta to supply blood to the heart?

<p>Coronary arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cardiac muscle is responsible for the effective contraction and relaxation of the heart.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

<p>initiate and coordinate heart contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood vessels with their primary function:

<p>Arteries = Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Veins = Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart Capillaries = Exchange of substances between blood and tissues Aorta = Largest artery, carries blood from the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

<p>To ensure the heart chambers contract in the proper rhythm and sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atrioventricular node is also known as the pacemaker of the heart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'lub' sound in a heartbeat associated with?

<p>closure of atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The QRS complex on an ECG represents the ___________.

<p>ventricular depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ECG components to what they represent:

<p>P wave = Atrial depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular depolarization T wave = Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ventricular diastole correspond with?

<p>The closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atrial repolarization occurs during ventricular contraction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a demand pacemaker, and when does it activate?

<p>It is an artificial pacemaker that monitors heart activity and takes control only when the heart rate falls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of the electrical impulse reaching the AV node?

<p>It is slowed down, delaying AV transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contraction of the ventricles starts at the base of the heart and moves towards the apex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the atrioventricular valves to close during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Increased ventricular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period of time where the heart is completely relaxed is known as cardiac ________.

<p>diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the valve action with the corresponding pressure changes:

<p>AV valves open = Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure AV valves close = Ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure Pulmonary and aortic valves open = Ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta Pulmonary and aortic valves close = Ventricular pressure falls after contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the cardiac cycle?

<p>To quickly spread the electrical impulse through the ventricular muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sequence of opening and closing valves is crucial to ensure bidirectional blood flow.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the delay induced by the AV node during cardiac cycle?

<p>To allow the atria to finish emptying into the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pericardium

The outermost layer of the heart, composed of two layers: the fibrous layer and the serous layer. It protects the heart from overstretching and provides structural support.

Serous Layer of Pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium, a membranous sheath that forms a thin space called the pericardial space filled with lubricating fluid to allow smooth heart movement.

Myocardium

The middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle fibers responsible for the heart's contractions. It houses the contractile unit, pacemaker, and conductive system for impulse conduction.

Endocardium

The inner layer of the heart wall, lining the heart chambers and valves. It provides a smooth surface for blood flow and helps regulate heart rate.

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Fibrous Layer of Pericardium

The outer fibrous layer of the pericardium, extending into the tunica adventitia of large blood vessels and attached to the diaphragm below.

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Pericardial Space

A thin space between the parietal and visceral pericardium, filled with lubricating fluid. This helps prevent friction and allows the heart to beat smoothly.

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Pacemaker

The muscle fibers in the myocardium that generate the electrical impulses to start the heart's contractions.

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Conductive System

The network of muscle fibers within the myocardium responsible for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the heart, coordinating contractions.

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What are the heart's chambers?

The four chambers of the heart are: two upper chambers called atria (right and left), which receive blood, and two lower chambers called ventricles (right and left), which pump blood.

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What does the right atrium receive blood from?

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

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What does the left atrium receive blood from?

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

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What is the heart's natural pacemaker called?

The sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, is the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat.

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What valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and ventricle?

The tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle, allowing it to flow only in one direction.

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What valve controls blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle?

The mitral valve (bicuspid valve) controls blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle, enabling only one-way flow from atrium to ventricle.

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What structures separate the heart's chambers?

The interatrial septum separates the two atria, while the interventricular septum separates the two ventricles.

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Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Two valves located between the atria and ventricles, responsible for preventing blood backflow during ventricular contraction.

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Bicuspid Valve

Also known as the mitral valve, this AV valve is found on the left side of the heart and has two leaflets.

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Tricuspid Valve

Located on the right side of the heart, this AV valve is composed of three leaflets and controls blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

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Semilunar Valves

These valves are located at the openings of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Their primary function is to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the heart.

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Pulmonary Valve

This valve is positioned at the opening of the pulmonary artery, preventing blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.

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Aortic Valve

Responsible for preventing blood from flowing back into the left ventricle, this valve is located at the opening of the aorta.

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Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

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Coronary Sinus

The coronary sinus returns deoxygenated blood from the heart itself to the right atrium.

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Systemic Circulation

The circulatory system that transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body and brings back oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

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Arterial System

The network of blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

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Venous System

The network of blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart.

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Pulmonary Circulation

The circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium with oxygenated blood.

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Conduction System of the Heart

A specialized conduction system made of modified cardiac muscle fibers that coordinates the heart's contractions.

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The heart's natural pacemaker located in the right atrium, generating electrical impulses that initiate heartbeats.

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Cardiac Cycle

The process of the heart muscle contracting and relaxing to pump blood through the circulatory system.

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Heart Conduction System

The sequence of events that ensures the chambers of the heart contract in the correct order and rhythm.

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Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Located at the junction of the atria and ventricles, this node delays the electrical impulse for a short time, allowing the atria to fully contract before the ventricles.

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Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

Located in the interventricular septum, this bundle carries the electrical impulse from the AV node to the ventricles.

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Purkinje Fibers

Located inside the walls of the ventricles, these fibers distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles to ensure coordinated contraction.

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Demand Pacemaker

An artificial device that monitors heart activity and delivers electrical impulses when the heart rate falls below a certain level.

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First Heart Sound

The 'lub' sound associated with the closure of the atrioventricular valves, marking the beginning of ventricular contraction (systole).

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Second Heart Sound

The 'dup' sound associated with the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves, marking the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole).

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Atrial Systole

The SA node initiates a wave of contraction that sweeps through the atria, causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles.

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AV Node Delay

The AV node delays the electrical impulse slightly, allowing the atria to fully contract and empty before the ventricles begin contracting.

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Ventricular Systole

Ventricular contraction is a powerful pumping motion that forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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AV Valve Closure

The closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole prevents blood from flowing back into the atria.

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Semilunar Valve Opening

The opening of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) during ventricular systole allows blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

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Diastole

The period of relaxation between heartbeats when the heart chambers fill with blood.

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Valve Function

The heart valves open and close based on the pressure difference between the chambers. Valves open when pressure is higher behind them and close when pressure is higher in front of them.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System - Heart

  • The heart is a roughly cone-shaped, hollow muscular organ.
  • It is approximately 10cm long and weighs 225g in women, 310g in men.
  • Located between the two lungs in the mediastinum.
  • Positioned slightly to the left of the chest.
  • Apex is around 9cm to the left of the midline at the 5th intercostal space.
  • Base extends to the level of the 2nd rib.

Functions of the Heart

  • Supplies oxygen, nutrients, and essential substances to body tissues.
  • Removes carbon dioxide and other metabolic end products from tissues.
  • Generates blood pressure to move blood through blood vessels.
  • Ensures one-way blood flow through heart and blood vessels using heart valves.
  • Regulates blood supply.

Macroscopic Structure of the Heart

  • Heart Position
  • Organs associated with the heart

Microscopic Structure of the Heart

  • Three layers of heart wall
  • Four heart chambers
  • Four heart valves

Layers of the Heart Wall

  • Outer pericardium
  • Middle myocardium
  • Inner endocardium

Pericardium

  • The outer covering of the heart.
  • Made up of two layers: fibrous layer and serous layer.
  • Fibrous layer continues as the tunica adventitia of large blood vessels.
  • Attached to the diaphragm.
  • Protects the heart from overstretching due to its fibrous nature.
  • Serous layer is composed of parietal pericardium (outer) and visceral pericardium (inner).

Myocardium

  • The middle layer of the heart wall.
  • Composed of three types of cardiac muscle fibers.
  • Contractile fibers for the heart's pumping action.
  • Pacemaker fibers initiate heart contractions.
  • Conductive system fibers conduct impulses through the heart.
  • Striated muscle.
  • Involuntary muscle.

Endocardium

  • The inner most layer of the heart wall.
  • Thin, smooth, and glistening membrane.
  • Minimizes surface friction between blood and the heart.
  • Formed by a single layer of endothelial cells lining the inner surface of the heart.
  • Continues as the endothelium of blood vessels.

Chambers of the Heart

  • Two superior receiving chambers called atria (right and left).
  • Two inferior pumping chambers called ventricles (right and left).

Right Atrium

  • Receives deoxygenated blood from three veins:
    • Superior vena cava
    • Inferior vena cava
    • Coronary sinus.

Left Atrium

  • Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.
  • Same thickness as the right atrium.
  • Smooth posterior wall.

Right Ventricle

  • Receives blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve.
  • Pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
  • Contains trabeculae carneae.

Left Ventricle

  • Receives blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve.
  • Pumps blood to the body through the aorta.
  • Thickest chamber of the heart.

Septum of the Heart

  • Separates the atria (interatrial septum) and the ventricles (interventricular septum).
  • Upper part is membranous, lower part is muscular.

Valves of the Heart

  • Atrioventricular Valves (AV valves)-between atria and ventricles to permit one-way flow.
    • Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
    • Mitral valve (left AV valve)
  • Semilunar valves- at the ventricles' opening to blood vessels.
    • Pulmonary valve
    • Aortic valve

Blood Vessels of the Heart

  • Right and left coronary arteries supply heart with arterial blood.
    • Right Coronary Artery
    • Left Coronary Artery
      • Left Circumflex Artery
      • Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
  • Blood circulation
    • Pulmonary circulation
    • Systemic circulation
    • Coronary circulation (supplies the heart)

Blood Circulation

  • Pulmonary circulation (heart to lungs and back)
  • Systemic Circulation (heart to body and back)
  • Coronary Circulation (heart muscle itself)

Conducting System of the Heart

  • Originates from the SA node.
  • Impulses spread to the different parts of the heart.
  • Consists of modified cardiac muscle fibers
  • SA node (pacemaker)
  • AV node
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers

Pacemaker (SA node)

  • The pacemaker is located in the right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava.
  • Modified cardiac muscle fibers.
  • Initiates electrical impulses.
  • Conducts impulses through the atria to the AV node.

Atrioventricular Node (AV node)

  • Located in the atrial septum.
  • Secondary pacemaker.
  • Slower conduction to allow atria to finish contracting before ventricles.

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

  • Originates from the AV node.
  • The AV bundle crosses the fibrous ring that separates the atria and ventricles.
  • Divides into right and left bundles at the end of the ventricular septum.
  • Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers convey electrical impulses from the AV node to the apex (the lowest part) of the heart.

Purkinje Fibers

  • Conveys electrical impulses to the apex of the myocardium which causes the ventricles to contract (causing blood from the ventricles to enter pulmonary artery and aorta).

Cardiac Cycle

  • Successive coordinated activities during a heartbeat.
  • Two major periods:
    • Systole (contraction)
    • Diastole (relaxation)

Stages of Cardiac Cycle

  • Atrial systole (contraction of the atria)
  • Ventricular systole (contraction of the ventricles)
  • Complete cardiac diastole (relaxation of the atria and ventricles)

Factors Affecting Heart Rate

  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Circulating hormones
  • Activity and exercise
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Temperature
  • Baroreceptor reflex

Factors Determining Stroke Volume

  • Ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload)
  • Venous return
  • Strength of myocardial contraction
  • Blood volume
  • Arterial blood pressure (afterload)

Clinical Applications

  • Pace maker - Common example of an artificial pacemaker is the demand pacemaker which monitors heart activity and takes control only when heart rate falls.

Heart Sounds

  • "Lub" sound – closure of atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) – start of ventricular systole; fairly loud.
  • "Dup" sound – closure of aortic and pulmonary valves, softer sound - corresponds with ventricular diastole.

Electrical Activity

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows the spread of electrical signals.
  • P wave: atrial depolarization.
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization.
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization.

Conclusion

  • Describes the heart's structure and position.
  • The circulation of blood through the heart.
  • The conducting system of the heart.
  • Relating the electrical activity to cardiac cycle.
  • Main factors of heart rate and cardiac output.

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