Heart Auscultation Clinical Examination

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Questions and Answers

What is the location of the negative electrode in an ECG recording for a horse?

Over the jugular groove

What does the P wave in an ECG pattern represent?

Atria depolarization

What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure in an adult warmblooded horse?

85-95 mmHg

What is the purpose of correcting the CUCV (coccygeal uncorrected value) for altitude difference?

To account for the difference in tail root to cardiac basis Signup and view all the answers

What type of echocardiography is used to assess morphologic changes in the heart?

B-mode (2D-mode) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of color doppler in echocardiography?

To locate the hole of regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cardiac troponin I in laboratory diagnostic of CVS?

It provides a sensitive and persistent indicator of cardiac injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pericardiocentesis in laboratory diagnostic of CVS?

To collect and assess pericardial fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the first heart sound also known as, and what is its origin?

The first heart sound is also known as 'lubb', and it originates from the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth heart sound also known as, and what is its origin?

The fourth heart sound is also known as the atrial sound or atrial contraction sound, and it originates from atrial contraction, heard immediately prior to S1. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the nervous system that innervate the SA node?

The two main components of the nervous system that innervate the SA node are the parasympathetic nervous system (Rest and Digest) and the sympathetic nervous system (Fight and Flight). Signup and view all the answers

What is electrocardiography, and what is it used to record?

Electrocardiography is the recording of the electrical activity of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pericardiocentesis as a diagnostic tool?

Pericardiocentesis is a diagnostic tool used to collect fluid from the pericardial space for further examination. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a missing sinus rhythm at work in diagnosing heart diseases?

A missing sinus rhythm at work can be an indicator of certain heart diseases or conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the His bundle branches in the electrical conduction system of the heart?

The His bundle branches are part of the electrical conduction system of the heart and play a crucial role in transmitting electrical signals from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cardiac murmurs in diagnosing heart diseases?

Cardiac murmurs can be an indicator of certain heart diseases or conditions, such as valve abnormalities or defects. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart: Clinical Examination

Auscultation involves assessing heart sounds, frequency, intensity, rhythmicity, demarcation, and heart murmurs
Heart murmurs can be systolic (early-, mid-, late-, holo-) or diastolic (early-, holo-, presystolic)

Heart Sounds

First heart sound or “lubb” is caused by atrioventricular valve closure at the beginning of ventricular systole
Second heart sound or “dupp” results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Third heart sound is occasional and caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles
Fourth heart sound or atrial sound is caused by atrial contraction

Diagnosis of Heart Diseases

Frequent clinical signs include increased frequency at rest, cardiac murmurs, missing sinus rhythm at work, and lack of work capacity
Further diagnostics include ECG at rest and at work, blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, pericardiocentesis, and laboratory diagnostic

Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

The conduction system includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, His bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
The SA node is innervated by parasympathetic (vagus nerve) and sympathetic (T1-4, spinal nerves) nervous system fibers

Electrocardiography (ECG)

ECG records electrical activity of the heart using a base-apex lead
Pattern includes P wave (atria depolarization), QRS complex (ventricle depolarization and atria repolarization), and T wave (ventricle repolarization)

Blood Pressure Measurement

Methods include bloodless determination, oscillometry, and Doppler-technical investigation
Normal values for adult warmblooded horses are 85-95 mmHg (sys) and 50-60 mmHg (dias)

Echocardiography

B-mode (2D-mode) shows morphologic changes and heart dimension changes
M-mode shows changes to myocard and heart kinetics
Color doppler locates the hole of regurgitation
Spectral doppler proves regurgitation quantitatively

Laboratory Diagnostic of CVS

Pericardiocentesis collects and assesses pericardial fluid
Laboratory tests include complete blood count, serum biochemical tests, cardiac troponin I, arterial Ph, blood gas analysis, and urinalysis

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Description

A clinical examination of the heart, covering auscultation, heart sounds, murmurs, and rhythmicity. Topics include first and second heart sounds, systolic and diastolic murmurs, and heart sound vibrations.