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Questions and Answers
What is the location of the negative electrode in an ECG recording for a horse?
What is the location of the negative electrode in an ECG recording for a horse?
Over the jugular groove
What does the P wave in an ECG pattern represent?
What does the P wave in an ECG pattern represent?
Atria depolarization
What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure in an adult warmblooded horse?
What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure in an adult warmblooded horse?
85-95 mmHg
What is the purpose of correcting the CUCV (coccygeal uncorrected value) for altitude difference?
What is the purpose of correcting the CUCV (coccygeal uncorrected value) for altitude difference?
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What type of echocardiography is used to assess morphologic changes in the heart?
What type of echocardiography is used to assess morphologic changes in the heart?
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What is the purpose of color doppler in echocardiography?
What is the purpose of color doppler in echocardiography?
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What is the significance of cardiac troponin I in laboratory diagnostic of CVS?
What is the significance of cardiac troponin I in laboratory diagnostic of CVS?
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What is the purpose of pericardiocentesis in laboratory diagnostic of CVS?
What is the purpose of pericardiocentesis in laboratory diagnostic of CVS?
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What is the first heart sound also known as, and what is its origin?
What is the first heart sound also known as, and what is its origin?
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What is the fourth heart sound also known as, and what is its origin?
What is the fourth heart sound also known as, and what is its origin?
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What are the two main components of the nervous system that innervate the SA node?
What are the two main components of the nervous system that innervate the SA node?
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What is electrocardiography, and what is it used to record?
What is electrocardiography, and what is it used to record?
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What is the purpose of pericardiocentesis as a diagnostic tool?
What is the purpose of pericardiocentesis as a diagnostic tool?
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What is the significance of a missing sinus rhythm at work in diagnosing heart diseases?
What is the significance of a missing sinus rhythm at work in diagnosing heart diseases?
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What is the role of the His bundle branches in the electrical conduction system of the heart?
What is the role of the His bundle branches in the electrical conduction system of the heart?
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What is the significance of cardiac murmurs in diagnosing heart diseases?
What is the significance of cardiac murmurs in diagnosing heart diseases?
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Study Notes
Heart: Clinical Examination
- Auscultation involves assessing heart sounds, frequency, intensity, rhythmicity, demarcation, and heart murmurs
- Heart murmurs can be systolic (early-, mid-, late-, holo-) or diastolic (early-, holo-, presystolic)
Heart Sounds
- First heart sound or “lubb” is caused by atrioventricular valve closure at the beginning of ventricular systole
- Second heart sound or “dupp” results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole
- Third heart sound is occasional and caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles
- Fourth heart sound or atrial sound is caused by atrial contraction
Diagnosis of Heart Diseases
- Frequent clinical signs include increased frequency at rest, cardiac murmurs, missing sinus rhythm at work, and lack of work capacity
- Further diagnostics include ECG at rest and at work, blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, pericardiocentesis, and laboratory diagnostic
Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
- The conduction system includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, His bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
- The SA node is innervated by parasympathetic (vagus nerve) and sympathetic (T1-4, spinal nerves) nervous system fibers
Electrocardiography (ECG)
- ECG records electrical activity of the heart using a base-apex lead
- Pattern includes P wave (atria depolarization), QRS complex (ventricle depolarization and atria repolarization), and T wave (ventricle repolarization)
Blood Pressure Measurement
- Methods include bloodless determination, oscillometry, and Doppler-technical investigation
- Normal values for adult warmblooded horses are 85-95 mmHg (sys) and 50-60 mmHg (dias)
Echocardiography
- B-mode (2D-mode) shows morphologic changes and heart dimension changes
- M-mode shows changes to myocard and heart kinetics
- Color doppler locates the hole of regurgitation
- Spectral doppler proves regurgitation quantitatively
Laboratory Diagnostic of CVS
- Pericardiocentesis collects and assesses pericardial fluid
- Laboratory tests include complete blood count, serum biochemical tests, cardiac troponin I, arterial Ph, blood gas analysis, and urinalysis
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Description
A clinical examination of the heart, covering auscultation, heart sounds, murmurs, and rhythmicity. Topics include first and second heart sounds, systolic and diastolic murmurs, and heart sound vibrations.