Heart Anatomy Quiz

Study Notes

Four Chambers:
- Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
- Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries for oxygenation.
- Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
- Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the rest of the body.
Heart Valves:
- Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
- Pulmonary Valve: Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
- Mitral Valve: Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
- Aortic Valve: Located between the left ventricle and aorta.

Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart chambers.
Myocardium: Thick, muscular layer responsible for heart contractions.
Epicardium: Outer layer of the heart.
Pericardium: Double-walled sac surrounding the heart, providing lubrication to reduce friction during heartbeats.

Pulmonary Circulation: Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation, then returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
Systemic Circulation: Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Right Coronary Artery (RCA): Supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and portions of the heart's electrical conduction system.
Left Coronary Artery (LCA):
- Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD): Supplies the front of the heart.
- Circumflex Artery: Supplies the left atrium and the side and back of the left ventricle.
Cardiac Veins: Collect deoxygenated blood from the myocardium and drain into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Initiates electrical impulses, known as the heart’s natural pacemaker.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Delays the electrical impulse before passing it to the ventricles.
Bundle of His: Conducts impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.
Purkinje Fibers: Spread electrical impulses throughout the ventricles to ensure coordinated contraction.

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues (except the pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs).
- Aorta: The largest artery, arising from the left ventricle.
- Arterioles: Small branches of arteries leading to capillaries.
Capillaries: Microscopic vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs between blood and tissues.
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: Largest veins, returning blood to the right atrium.
- Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Tunica Intima: Innermost layer, composed of endothelial cells.
Tunica Media: Middle layer, consisting of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Tunica Externa (Adventitia): Outermost layer, providing structural support.

Jugular Veins: Drain blood from the head.
Subclavian Veins: Drain blood from the arms into the superior vena cava.
Femoral Veins: Drain blood from the legs.
Portal Vein: Carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.

Lymph Vessels: Collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
Lymph Nodes: Filter lymph to trap pathogens.
Spleen: Helps in the filtration of blood and immune response.