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Questions and Answers
What is the outermost layer of the heart itself called?
What is the outermost layer of the heart itself called?
Chordae tendineae are found in which part of the heart?
Chordae tendineae are found in which part of the heart?
The interventricular septum is a continuation of which structure?
The interventricular septum is a continuation of which structure?
What is the large blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation?
What is the large blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation?
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Which type of blood vessel has one-way valves in its lumen?
Which type of blood vessel has one-way valves in its lumen?
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The majority of exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue takes place at the __ level.
The majority of exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue takes place at the __ level.
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What does systolic blood pressure measure?
What does systolic blood pressure measure?
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Oxygenated blood is carried from the mother to a fetus through the __.
Oxygenated blood is carried from the mother to a fetus through the __.
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Another name for the right semilunar valve is the __.
Another name for the right semilunar valve is the __.
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The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the space between the two lungs, called the __.
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the space between the two lungs, called the __.
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What type of muscle is found in the middle layer of a muscular artery's wall?
What type of muscle is found in the middle layer of a muscular artery's wall?
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Cardiac output is determined by __.
Cardiac output is determined by __.
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The two ions responsible for the initial depolarization of cardiac muscle are __.
The two ions responsible for the initial depolarization of cardiac muscle are __.
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On an ECG reading of one cardiac cycle, the contraction of the main mass of the ventricles is represented by the __.
On an ECG reading of one cardiac cycle, the contraction of the main mass of the ventricles is represented by the __.
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The type of blood vessel that usually carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is a/an __.
The type of blood vessel that usually carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is a/an __.
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The largest elastic artery in an animal's body is the __.
The largest elastic artery in an animal's body is the __.
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Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a cat?
Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a cat?
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Which chamber of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation when it contracts?
Which chamber of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation when it contracts?
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Arterioles are __.
Arterioles are __.
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Which valves produce the second heart sound when they snap shut?
Which valves produce the second heart sound when they snap shut?
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The inner layer of a blood vessel is the __.
The inner layer of a blood vessel is the __.
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The impulse to begin each heartbeat of the heart comes from the __.
The impulse to begin each heartbeat of the heart comes from the __.
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The largest vein in an animal's body is the __.
The largest vein in an animal's body is the __.
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The membrane that lines the chambers of the heart is the __.
The membrane that lines the chambers of the heart is the __.
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The apex of the heart is made up of the __.
The apex of the heart is made up of the __.
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Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to systemic circulation when it contracts?
Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to systemic circulation when it contracts?
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The atria of the heart sit at the __ of the heart.
The atria of the heart sit at the __ of the heart.
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The right atrium pumps blood into the __.
The right atrium pumps blood into the __.
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When looking at a standing animal from the side, you would locate the heart __.
When looking at a standing animal from the side, you would locate the heart __.
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The pulmonary circulation begins when deoxygenated blood passes through the __.
The pulmonary circulation begins when deoxygenated blood passes through the __.
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The __ represents the strength of a heartbeat.
The __ represents the strength of a heartbeat.
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Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the heart at the __.
Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the heart at the __.
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Which vein can be used for venipuncture in nearly all species of animals?
Which vein can be used for venipuncture in nearly all species of animals?
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Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a horse?
Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a horse?
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Contraction of a heart chamber is called __.
Contraction of a heart chamber is called __.
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Cardiac muscle can generate its own contractions and relaxations and is therefore called __.
Cardiac muscle can generate its own contractions and relaxations and is therefore called __.
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The ductus arteriosus in a fetus allows blood to flow __.
The ductus arteriosus in a fetus allows blood to flow __.
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The fibrous sac that encloses the heart is the __.
The fibrous sac that encloses the heart is the __.
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Another name for the left atrioventricular valve is the __.
Another name for the left atrioventricular valve is the __.
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Tricuspid valve stenosis results when the tricuspid valve __.
Tricuspid valve stenosis results when the tricuspid valve __.
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The impulse created by the natural pacemaker of the heart travels __.
The impulse created by the natural pacemaker of the heart travels __.
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The structures that make up the primary cardiac conduction, in the order that the impulse travels through them, are the __.
The structures that make up the primary cardiac conduction, in the order that the impulse travels through them, are the __.
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Definitions
- Epicardium: Outermost layer of the heart, also called the visceral layer of the pericardium.
- Ventricles: Chambers that contain chordae tendineae, which prevent AV valve flaps from entering the atria during contraction.
- Interatrial Septum: Muscular wall separating right and left atria; a continuation of the interventricular septum.
- Vena Cava: Major vein returning deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the heart.
Blood Vessels
- Veins: Blood vessels with one-way valves to prevent backflow, unique to those carrying blood from lower extremities directed to the heart.
- Capillary Bed: Site of gas and nutrient exchange; capillary walls consist of a single cell layer allowing easy transfer to tissues.
- Arteries: Typically transport oxygenated blood away from the heart; exception being the pulmonary artery, which conveys deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Aorta: Largest elastic artery, essential in handling high pressure from the heart's left ventricle.
Cardiac Function and Blood Pressure
- Stroke Volume and Heart Rate: Cardiac output is determined by these two factors; stroke volume indicates the volume of blood per contraction.
- Systolic Blood Pressure: Measures the force of blood ejected from the left ventricle during contraction (systole).
- Oxygen Transport in Fetus: Oxygenated blood from mother to fetus is carried by the umbilical vein.
Heart Chambers and Valves
- Right Ventricle: Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary valve for oxygenation.
- Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves: The tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) are AV valves; the aortic and pulmonary are semilunar valves, with the latter two contributing to the second heart sound when closed.
Heart Structure
- Myocardium: The muscular layer of the heart responsible for contractions, with thickness varying by chamber.
- Endocardium: Inner layer lining the heart chambers, continuous with the vessel endothelium.
- Mediastinum: Central thoracic cavity space where the heart is located between the two lungs.
Electrical Conduction System
- Sinoatrial (SA) Node: The heart's natural pacemaker located in the right atrium; initiates heartbeat.
- Cardiac Conduction Sequence: Impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, then through the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers, coordinating contractions.
Common Clinical Terms
- Tricuspid Valve Stenosis: Occurs when the right AV valve fails to open fully during atrial contraction.
- Jugular Vein: Common site for venipuncture across species; located on the side of the neck.
Additional Points
- Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve: Their closure marks the second heart sound; the pulmonary valve is the right semilunar valve.
- Ductus Arteriosus: A fetal structure allowing blood to bypass the nonfunctional lungs by flowing directly from the pulmonary artery into the aorta.
- Apex of the Heart: Formed by the wall of the left ventricle; the base is the top part where the atria reside.
These notes encapsulate essential concepts and relationships within the cardiovascular system, suitable for quick review or study.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the heart with this quiz. Learn key terms like epicardium and ventricles, and understand their functions within the cardiovascular system.
