Questions and Answers
What is the outermost layer of the heart itself called?
Chordae tendineae are found in which part of the heart?
The interventricular septum is a continuation of which structure?
What is the large blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation?
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Which type of blood vessel has one-way valves in its lumen?
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The majority of exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue takes place at the __ level.
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What does systolic blood pressure measure?
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Oxygenated blood is carried from the mother to a fetus through the __.
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Another name for the right semilunar valve is the __.
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The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the space between the two lungs, called the __.
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What type of muscle is found in the middle layer of a muscular artery's wall?
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Cardiac output is determined by __.
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The two ions responsible for the initial depolarization of cardiac muscle are __.
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On an ECG reading of one cardiac cycle, the contraction of the main mass of the ventricles is represented by the __.
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The type of blood vessel that usually carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is a/an __.
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The largest elastic artery in an animal's body is the __.
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Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a cat?
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Which chamber of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation when it contracts?
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Arterioles are __.
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Which valves produce the second heart sound when they snap shut?
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The inner layer of a blood vessel is the __.
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The impulse to begin each heartbeat of the heart comes from the __.
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The largest vein in an animal's body is the __.
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The membrane that lines the chambers of the heart is the __.
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The apex of the heart is made up of the __.
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Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to systemic circulation when it contracts?
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The atria of the heart sit at the __ of the heart.
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The right atrium pumps blood into the __.
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When looking at a standing animal from the side, you would locate the heart __.
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The pulmonary circulation begins when deoxygenated blood passes through the __.
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The __ represents the strength of a heartbeat.
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Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the heart at the __.
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Which vein can be used for venipuncture in nearly all species of animals?
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Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse on a horse?
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Contraction of a heart chamber is called __.
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Cardiac muscle can generate its own contractions and relaxations and is therefore called __.
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The ductus arteriosus in a fetus allows blood to flow __.
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The fibrous sac that encloses the heart is the __.
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Another name for the left atrioventricular valve is the __.
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Tricuspid valve stenosis results when the tricuspid valve __.
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The impulse created by the natural pacemaker of the heart travels __.
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The structures that make up the primary cardiac conduction, in the order that the impulse travels through them, are the __.
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Definitions
- Epicardium: Outermost layer of the heart, also called the visceral layer of the pericardium.
- Ventricles: Chambers that contain chordae tendineae, which prevent AV valve flaps from entering the atria during contraction.
- Interatrial Septum: Muscular wall separating right and left atria; a continuation of the interventricular septum.
- Vena Cava: Major vein returning deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the heart.
Blood Vessels
- Veins: Blood vessels with one-way valves to prevent backflow, unique to those carrying blood from lower extremities directed to the heart.
- Capillary Bed: Site of gas and nutrient exchange; capillary walls consist of a single cell layer allowing easy transfer to tissues.
- Arteries: Typically transport oxygenated blood away from the heart; exception being the pulmonary artery, which conveys deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Aorta: Largest elastic artery, essential in handling high pressure from the heart's left ventricle.
Cardiac Function and Blood Pressure
- Stroke Volume and Heart Rate: Cardiac output is determined by these two factors; stroke volume indicates the volume of blood per contraction.
- Systolic Blood Pressure: Measures the force of blood ejected from the left ventricle during contraction (systole).
- Oxygen Transport in Fetus: Oxygenated blood from mother to fetus is carried by the umbilical vein.
Heart Chambers and Valves
- Right Ventricle: Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary valve for oxygenation.
- Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves: The tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) are AV valves; the aortic and pulmonary are semilunar valves, with the latter two contributing to the second heart sound when closed.
Heart Structure
- Myocardium: The muscular layer of the heart responsible for contractions, with thickness varying by chamber.
- Endocardium: Inner layer lining the heart chambers, continuous with the vessel endothelium.
- Mediastinum: Central thoracic cavity space where the heart is located between the two lungs.
Electrical Conduction System
- Sinoatrial (SA) Node: The heart's natural pacemaker located in the right atrium; initiates heartbeat.
- Cardiac Conduction Sequence: Impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, then through the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers, coordinating contractions.
Common Clinical Terms
- Tricuspid Valve Stenosis: Occurs when the right AV valve fails to open fully during atrial contraction.
- Jugular Vein: Common site for venipuncture across species; located on the side of the neck.
Additional Points
- Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve: Their closure marks the second heart sound; the pulmonary valve is the right semilunar valve.
- Ductus Arteriosus: A fetal structure allowing blood to bypass the nonfunctional lungs by flowing directly from the pulmonary artery into the aorta.
- Apex of the Heart: Formed by the wall of the left ventricle; the base is the top part where the atria reside.
These notes encapsulate essential concepts and relationships within the cardiovascular system, suitable for quick review or study.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the heart with this quiz. Learn key terms like epicardium and ventricles, and understand their functions within the cardiovascular system.
