Podcast
Questions and Answers
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ____.
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ____.
thorax
The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the ____.
The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the ____.
aorta
The coronary sinus empties into the ____.
The coronary sinus empties into the ____.
right atrium
The _______ are receiving chambers.
The _______ are receiving chambers.
The ________ are discharging chambers.
The ________ are discharging chambers.
The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ____.
The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ____.
The outermost layer of the heart is called the ____.
The outermost layer of the heart is called the ____.
The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ____ during heart activity.
The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ____ during heart activity.
The heart muscle (myocardium) is composed of specialized types of muscle tissue called ____.
The heart muscle (myocardium) is composed of specialized types of muscle tissue called ____.
From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ____.
From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ____.
Through the _______ to the pulmonary trunk.
Through the _______ to the pulmonary trunk.
To the right and left ____.
To the right and left ____.
To the capillary beds of the ____.
To the capillary beds of the ____.
To the ___________ of the heart through the ______ valve.
To the ___________ of the heart through the ______ valve.
To the ___________ through the ________ semilunar valve.
To the ___________ through the ________ semilunar valve.
To the ______, to the systemic arteries, to the ______________ of the body's tissues, to the systemic veins.
To the ______, to the systemic arteries, to the ______________ of the body's tissues, to the systemic veins.
To the ____ and ______, which enter the right atrium of the heart.
To the ____ and ______, which enter the right atrium of the heart.
The contraction of ventricles is referred to as ____.
The contraction of ventricles is referred to as ____.
The period of ventricular relaxation is called ____.
The period of ventricular relaxation is called ____.
The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are ____.
The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are ____.
Abnormal heart sounds usually indicate valve problems called ____.
Abnormal heart sounds usually indicate valve problems called ____.
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed are ____.
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed are ____.
Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting are ____.
Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting are ____.
AV valve with three flaps is called ____.
AV valve with three flaps is called ____.
AV valve with two flaps is called ____.
AV valve with two flaps is called ____.
The pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system is called ____.
The pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system is called ____.
The point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed is called ____.
The point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed is called ____.
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is called ____.
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is called ____.
An abnormally slow heartbeat, slower than 60 beats per minute is called ____.
An abnormally slow heartbeat, slower than 60 beats per minute is called ____.
A condition where the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump is called ____.
A condition where the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump is called ____.
An abnormally rapid heartbeat, faster than 100 bpm is called ____.
An abnormally rapid heartbeat, faster than 100 bpm is called ____.
Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the SA Node is called ____.
Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the SA Node is called ____.
Chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium is called ____.
Chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium is called ____.
The formula CO = HR x SV represents ____.
The formula CO = HR x SV represents ____.
The hormone epinephrine leads to ____ in cardiac output.
The hormone epinephrine leads to ____ in cardiac output.
The hormone thyroxine leads to ____ in CO.
The hormone thyroxine leads to ____ in CO.
The term hemorrhage indicates a ____ in CO.
The term hemorrhage indicates a ____ in CO.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
The event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
The event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the ____.
The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the ____.
Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called ____.
Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called ____.
Enlargement of the vessel diameter is called ____.
Enlargement of the vessel diameter is called ____.
Blood is carried to the heart by ____.
Blood is carried to the heart by ____.
Blood is carried away from the heart by ____.
Blood is carried away from the heart by ____.
Capillary beds are supplied by ____.
Capillary beds are supplied by ____.
Capillary beds are drained by ____.
Capillary beds are drained by ____.
What aids venous return?
What aids venous return?
A single thin layer of endothelium is called ____.
A single thin layer of endothelium is called ____.
Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin is called ____.
Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin is called ____.
Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow is called ____.
Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow is called ____.
The only tunic of capillaries is called ____.
The only tunic of capillaries is called ____.
Also called the adventitia is ____.
Also called the adventitia is ____.
The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation is ____.
The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation is ____.
Supporting, protective coat of a blood vessel is called ____.
Supporting, protective coat of a blood vessel is called ____.
Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity is called ____.
Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity is called ____.
Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls is called ____.
Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls is called ____.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made is ____.
Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made is ____.
Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt are called ____.
Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt are called ____.
Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed are called ____.
Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed are called ____.
Increased diameter of the arterioles leads to ____.
Increased diameter of the arterioles leads to ____.
Increased blood viscosity leads to ____.
Increased blood viscosity leads to ____.
Increased cardiac output leads to ____.
Increased cardiac output leads to ____.
Increased pulse rate leads to ____.
Increased pulse rate leads to ____.
Anxiety and fear can lead to ____.
Anxiety and fear can lead to ____.
Increased urine output can lead to ____.
Increased urine output can lead to ____.
Sudden change in position from reclining to standing causes a ____.
Sudden change in position from reclining to standing causes a ____.
Physical exercise causes an ____.
Physical exercise causes an ____.
Physical training can lead to ____.
Physical training can lead to ____.
Alcohol consumption generally causes a ____.
Alcohol consumption generally causes a ____.
Hemorrhage usually results in a ____.
Hemorrhage usually results in a ____.
Nicotine usually causes an ____.
Nicotine usually causes an ____.
Arteriosclerosis generally leads to an ____.
Arteriosclerosis generally leads to an ____.
Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located in the thorax.
- Coronary arteries, which nourish the myocardium, arise from the aorta.
- The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium.
- Atria serve as receiving chambers of the heart, while ventricles act as discharging chambers.
Heart Layers and Structure
- The endocardium lines the heart and forms the valve flaps.
- The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart.
- The pericardial sac contains fluid that reduces friction during heart activity.
- Myocardium consists of cardiac muscle tissue specialized for heart contractions.
Blood Flow Pathway
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
- Blood moves from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk.
- The pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries leading to the lung capillary beds.
- Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- Blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta for systemic circulation.
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
- Systole refers to the contraction phase of the ventricles, while diastole refers to the relaxation phase.
- Heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are referred to as "lub-dup".
- Abnormal heart sounds, known as murmurs, indicate potential valve problems.
Valve Functions
- Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves prevent backflow into ventricles during relaxation.
- Mitral and tricuspid valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles are contracting.
- The tricuspid valve has three flaps, while the mitral valve has two.
Cardiac Conduction System
- The SA node is the heart's pacemaker, regulating heartbeat.
- The AV node temporarily delays impulses in the conduction system.
- An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity.
Heart Rate Conditions
- Bradycardia denotes a slow heart rate (under 60 bpm).
- Fibrillation is an uncoordinated heart rhythm, rendering it ineffective as a pump.
- Tachycardia indicates a fast heart rate (over 100 bpm).
- Heart block occurs with AV node damage, disrupting normal impulse control.
- Angina pectoris refers to chest pain from myocardial ischemia.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) calculated as CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
- Increased levels of epinephrine and thyroxine result in higher cardiac output.
- Hemorrhage decreases cardiac output.
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
- Fear, exercise, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system raise cardiac output.
- Vagus nerve activation leads to decreased cardiac output.
- Blood pressure fluctuations correlate with various physical and emotional states.
Blood Vessel Structure
- Veins carry blood to the heart, whereas arteries carry blood away from it.
- Capillary beds are supplied by arterioles and drained by venules.
- Special tunics include:
- Tunica intima: a thin endothelial layer providing a smooth surface.
- Tunica media: a muscular layer involved in blood pressure regulation.
- Tunica externa: a protective outer layer.
Blood Pressure Measurement
- Blood pressure varies between systolic (during contraction) and diastolic (during relaxation) phases.
- The lumen is the central cavity of a blood vessel.
- Pressure points are locations on the body where the pulse can be felt.
Blood Pressure Influences
- Increased arteriolar constriction raises peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
- Factors enhancing blood pressure include increased blood viscosity, cardiac output, and pulse rate.
- Certain conditions like anxiety, physical exercise, and nicotine use can elevate blood pressure.
- Alcohol, physical training, and blood loss typically lower blood pressure.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and function of the heart. This quiz covers the structure, layers, and blood flow pathway of the heart, from the atria to the ventricles and beyond. Understand the roles of various heart components and their significance in the circulatory system.
