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Questions and Answers
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ____.
The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the ____.
thorax
The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the ____.
The coronary arteries that nourish the myocardium arise from the ____.
aorta
The coronary sinus empties into the ____.
The coronary sinus empties into the ____.
right atrium
The _______ are receiving chambers.
The _______ are receiving chambers.
The ________ are discharging chambers.
The ________ are discharging chambers.
The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ____.
The membrane that lines the heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the ____.
The outermost layer of the heart is called the ____.
The outermost layer of the heart is called the ____.
The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ____ during heart activity.
The fluid that fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease ____ during heart activity.
The heart muscle (myocardium) is composed of specialized types of muscle tissue called ____.
The heart muscle (myocardium) is composed of specialized types of muscle tissue called ____.
From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ____.
From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ____.
Through the _______ to the pulmonary trunk.
Through the _______ to the pulmonary trunk.
To the right and left ____.
To the right and left ____.
To the capillary beds of the ____.
To the capillary beds of the ____.
To the ___________ of the heart through the ______ valve.
To the ___________ of the heart through the ______ valve.
To the ___________ through the ________ semilunar valve.
To the ___________ through the ________ semilunar valve.
To the ______, to the systemic arteries, to the ______________ of the body's tissues, to the systemic veins.
To the ______, to the systemic arteries, to the ______________ of the body's tissues, to the systemic veins.
To the ____ and ______, which enter the right atrium of the heart.
To the ____ and ______, which enter the right atrium of the heart.
The contraction of ventricles is referred to as ____.
The contraction of ventricles is referred to as ____.
The period of ventricular relaxation is called ____.
The period of ventricular relaxation is called ____.
The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are ____.
The monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are ____.
Abnormal heart sounds usually indicate valve problems called ____.
Abnormal heart sounds usually indicate valve problems called ____.
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed are ____.
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed are ____.
Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting are ____.
Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting are ____.
AV valve with three flaps is called ____.
AV valve with three flaps is called ____.
AV valve with two flaps is called ____.
AV valve with two flaps is called ____.
The pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system is called ____.
The pacemaker of the intrinsic conduction system is called ____.
The point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed is called ____.
The point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is temporarily delayed is called ____.
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is called ____.
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart is called ____.
An abnormally slow heartbeat, slower than 60 beats per minute is called ____.
An abnormally slow heartbeat, slower than 60 beats per minute is called ____.
A condition where the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump is called ____.
A condition where the heart is uncoordinated and useless as a pump is called ____.
An abnormally rapid heartbeat, faster than 100 bpm is called ____.
An abnormally rapid heartbeat, faster than 100 bpm is called ____.
Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the SA Node is called ____.
Damage to the AV node, totally or partially releasing the ventricles from the control of the SA Node is called ____.
Chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium is called ____.
Chest pain, resulting from ischemia of the myocardium is called ____.
The formula CO = HR x SV represents ____.
The formula CO = HR x SV represents ____.
The hormone epinephrine leads to ____ in cardiac output.
The hormone epinephrine leads to ____ in cardiac output.
The hormone thyroxine leads to ____ in CO.
The hormone thyroxine leads to ____ in CO.
The term hemorrhage indicates a ____ in CO.
The term hemorrhage indicates a ____ in CO.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
The event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
The event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the ____.
The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the ____.
Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called ____.
Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called ____.
Enlargement of the vessel diameter is called ____.
Enlargement of the vessel diameter is called ____.
Blood is carried to the heart by ____.
Blood is carried to the heart by ____.
Blood is carried away from the heart by ____.
Blood is carried away from the heart by ____.
Capillary beds are supplied by ____.
Capillary beds are supplied by ____.
Capillary beds are drained by ____.
Capillary beds are drained by ____.
What aids venous return?
What aids venous return?
A single thin layer of endothelium is called ____.
A single thin layer of endothelium is called ____.
Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin is called ____.
Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin is called ____.
Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow is called ____.
Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow is called ____.
The only tunic of capillaries is called ____.
The only tunic of capillaries is called ____.
Also called the adventitia is ____.
Also called the adventitia is ____.
The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation is ____.
The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation is ____.
Supporting, protective coat of a blood vessel is called ____.
Supporting, protective coat of a blood vessel is called ____.
Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity is called ____.
Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity is called ____.
Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls is called ____.
Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls is called ____.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
Factors related to blood pressure include ____.
Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance is ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart contraction is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
Blood pressure during heart relaxation is called ____.
Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made is ____.
Site where blood pressure determinations are normally made is ____.
Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt are called ____.
Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt are called ____.
Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed are called ____.
Sounds heard over a blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed are called ____.
Increased diameter of the arterioles leads to ____.
Increased diameter of the arterioles leads to ____.
Increased blood viscosity leads to ____.
Increased blood viscosity leads to ____.
Increased cardiac output leads to ____.
Increased cardiac output leads to ____.
Increased pulse rate leads to ____.
Increased pulse rate leads to ____.
Anxiety and fear can lead to ____.
Anxiety and fear can lead to ____.
Increased urine output can lead to ____.
Increased urine output can lead to ____.
Sudden change in position from reclining to standing causes a ____.
Sudden change in position from reclining to standing causes a ____.
Physical exercise causes an ____.
Physical exercise causes an ____.
Physical training can lead to ____.
Physical training can lead to ____.
Alcohol consumption generally causes a ____.
Alcohol consumption generally causes a ____.
Hemorrhage usually results in a ____.
Hemorrhage usually results in a ____.
Nicotine usually causes an ____.
Nicotine usually causes an ____.
Arteriosclerosis generally leads to an ____.
Arteriosclerosis generally leads to an ____.
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Function
- The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located in the thorax.
- Coronary arteries, which nourish the myocardium, arise from the aorta.
- The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium.
- Atria serve as receiving chambers of the heart, while ventricles act as discharging chambers.
Heart Layers and Structure
- The endocardium lines the heart and forms the valve flaps.
- The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart.
- The pericardial sac contains fluid that reduces friction during heart activity.
- Myocardium consists of cardiac muscle tissue specialized for heart contractions.
Blood Flow Pathway
- Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
- Blood moves from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk.
- The pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries leading to the lung capillary beds.
- Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- Blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta for systemic circulation.
Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
- Systole refers to the contraction phase of the ventricles, while diastole refers to the relaxation phase.
- Heart sounds during the cardiac cycle are referred to as "lub-dup".
- Abnormal heart sounds, known as murmurs, indicate potential valve problems.
Valve Functions
- Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves prevent backflow into ventricles during relaxation.
- Mitral and tricuspid valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles are contracting.
- The tricuspid valve has three flaps, while the mitral valve has two.
Cardiac Conduction System
- The SA node is the heart's pacemaker, regulating heartbeat.
- The AV node temporarily delays impulses in the conduction system.
- An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity.
Heart Rate Conditions
- Bradycardia denotes a slow heart rate (under 60 bpm).
- Fibrillation is an uncoordinated heart rhythm, rendering it ineffective as a pump.
- Tachycardia indicates a fast heart rate (over 100 bpm).
- Heart block occurs with AV node damage, disrupting normal impulse control.
- Angina pectoris refers to chest pain from myocardial ischemia.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) calculated as CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
- Increased levels of epinephrine and thyroxine result in higher cardiac output.
- Hemorrhage decreases cardiac output.
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
- Fear, exercise, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system raise cardiac output.
- Vagus nerve activation leads to decreased cardiac output.
- Blood pressure fluctuations correlate with various physical and emotional states.
Blood Vessel Structure
- Veins carry blood to the heart, whereas arteries carry blood away from it.
- Capillary beds are supplied by arterioles and drained by venules.
- Special tunics include:
- Tunica intima: a thin endothelial layer providing a smooth surface.
- Tunica media: a muscular layer involved in blood pressure regulation.
- Tunica externa: a protective outer layer.
Blood Pressure Measurement
- Blood pressure varies between systolic (during contraction) and diastolic (during relaxation) phases.
- The lumen is the central cavity of a blood vessel.
- Pressure points are locations on the body where the pulse can be felt.
Blood Pressure Influences
- Increased arteriolar constriction raises peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
- Factors enhancing blood pressure include increased blood viscosity, cardiac output, and pulse rate.
- Certain conditions like anxiety, physical exercise, and nicotine use can elevate blood pressure.
- Alcohol, physical training, and blood loss typically lower blood pressure.
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