Heart Anatomy and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

How many chambers does the heart have?

4

Which of the following statements about the heart is TRUE?

  • The heart is located entirely on the right side of the chest.
  • The heart is about 9 ounces in weight. (correct)
  • The heart is a three-sided pump.
  • The heart is primarily responsible for producing red blood cells.

What is the name of the sac that surrounds the heart?

Pericardium

What is the name of the muscular wall of the heart?

<p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the atria of the heart referred to as 'receiving chambers'?

<p>They receive blood from both the superior and inferior vena cavae, as well as the pulmonary veins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the ventricles of the heart referred to as 'discharging chambers'?

<p>They pump blood out to the lungs and the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of valve found in the heart?

<p>Radial valve (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tricuspid valve is located on the left side of the heart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner layer of the heart is called the pericardium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when the heart is compressed by fluid buildup between the layers of the pericardium?

<p>Cardiac tamponade</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the natural pacemaker of the heart?

<p>SA node (Sinoatrial node)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The AV node (Atrioventricular node) is located in the ventricle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with a 'lub' sound in the heart?

<p>Closure of the AV valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where a heart valve does not close properly, leading to a backward flow of blood?

<p>Leaky valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where a heart valve is stiff and does not open fully, leading to restricted blood flow?

<p>Stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where the heart beats abnormally fast?

<p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where the heart muscle fibers contract chaotically, leading to ineffective pumping action?

<p>Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization (contraction).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The T wave on an ECG represents ventricular repolarization (relaxation).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their correct EKG wave representations:

<p>P wave = Atrial depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular depolarization T wave = Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vital sign measures the heart rate?

<p>Pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for fatty buildup in the arteries?

<p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arteriosclerosis refers only to the deposit of fatty plaques in arteries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for a heart attack?

<p>Myocardial infarction (MI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angina pectoris is a severe chest pain that occurs during physical activity or stress, and is usually associated with a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a disorder of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Bronchitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medical term refers to a 'blood clot'?

<p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medical term refers to a 'blood clot that travels through the bloodstream'?

<p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitral valve prolapse is a condition where the heart's natural pacemaker is not functioning properly, causing irregular heartbeats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital heart defect where a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta remains open after birth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reynaud's phenomenon is a condition characterized by unusual sensitivity to cold or stress, often causing the fingers and toes to turn white, then blue, and finally red.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systole

A term used to describe the contraction phase of the heart, where blood is pumped out to the body.

Diastole

A term used to describe the relaxation phase of the heart, where blood is filling the chambers.

SA Node

A term used to describe the natural pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium.

Asystole

A term used to describe the absence of any electrical activity in the heart.

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Atherosclerosis

A condition where fatty deposits build up inside the arteries, narrowing them and hindering blood flow.

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Endocardium

The layer of tissue on the inner surface of the heart chambers.

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Myocardium

The muscle tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood.

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Pericardium

The sac that encloses the heart, providing protection and lubrication.

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Pericarditis

An inflammation of the pericardium, often causing chest pain and discomfort.

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Cardiac Tamponade

A condition where fluid builds up in the space between the layers of the pericardium, compressing the heart.

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Right Atrium

The top chamber of the heart on the right that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

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Right Ventricle

The bottom chamber of the heart on the right that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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Tricuspid Valve

A valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle, preventing backflow of blood.

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Left Atrium

The top chamber of the heart on the left that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

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Left Ventricle

The bottom chamber of the heart on the left that pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve)

A valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle, preventing backflow of blood.

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Heart Sounds

A term used to describe the sound made by heart valves closing during a heartbeat.

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Leaky Valve

A condition where a heart valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the chamber.

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Tachycardia

A rapid heart rate above 100 beats per minute.

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Bradycardia

A slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

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Fibrillation

A serious condition where the heart beats irregularly and ineffectively.

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Conduction System

A term used to describe the heart's electrical conduction system.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A term used to describe the recording of the heart's electrical activity.

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P Wave

A term used to describe the electrical wave on an ECG that represents contraction of the atria.

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QRS Complex

A term used to describe the electrical complex on an ECG that represents contraction of the ventricles.

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T Wave

A term used to describe the electrical wave on an ECG that represents relaxation of the ventricles.

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CAD

A term used to describe coronary artery disease, a condition where arteries supplying the heart are narrowed.

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A term used to describe a heart attack, when a section of heart muscle is damaged due to lack of blood flow.

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Ischemia

A condition where blood flow to the heart is reduced, often causing chest pain.

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Pulse

A measurement of the heart rate.

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BPM (Beats Per Minute)

A term used to describe a measurement of the heart rate in beats per minute.

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Arteriosclerosis

A term used to describe a narrowing or blockage of an artery.

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Study Notes

Heart Anatomy and Function

  • The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump.
  • It is located slightly to the left of the center of the chest.
  • Approximately 2/3 of the heart is positioned to the left of the mid-line.
  • The heart weighs about 9 ounces.
  • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
  • The atria receive blood.
  • The ventricles pump blood.
  • Atrial walls are thinner than ventricular walls because they only need to push blood to the ventricles, whilst the ventricles have a thicker muscular wall to pump blood throughout the body.

Heart Chambers

  • Atria: Receiving chambers, thinner walls.
  • Ventricles: Discharging chambers, thicker walls.

Heart Valves

  • Tricuspid: Between right atrium and right ventricle.
  • Bicuspid (Mitral): Between left atrium and left ventricle.
  • Pulmonary semilunar: Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
  • Aortic semilunar: Between left ventricle and aorta.

Heart Wall Layers

  • Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart.
  • Myocardium: Muscular layer of the heart.
  • Pericardium: Outer layer of the heart (sac).

Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade

  • Pericardium is a sac-like structure surrounding the heart, composed of two layers (visceral and parietal). These layers are lubricated with fluid to allow movement of the heart with each beat.
  • Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium.
  • Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid buildup between the visceral and parietal pericardium, putting pressure on the heart and inhibiting its function.

Heart Conduction System

  • SA node (Sinoatrial node): The primary pacemaker of the heart, initiating the heartbeat.
  • AV node (Atrioventricular node): Delays the impulse from the SA node before passing it to the ventricles, allowing for proper atrial emptying before the ventricles contract.
  • Bundle of His: Specialized conductive tissue that transmits the electrical impulse from the AV node to the ventricles.
  • Bundle branches: Branches in the conductive tissue that carry the electrical signal down to the Purkinje fibres.
  • Purkinje fibers: Specialized conductive tissue that distributes the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles, triggering ventricular contraction.

Heart Beat (Cardiac Cycle)

  • Systole: Heart contraction—Higher pressure.
  • Diastole: Heart relaxation—Lower pressure.

Heart Rate Measurements

  • Heart rate measures the contractions per minute (BPM).
  • Common pulse points: Radial, Brachial, Carotid, Popliteal, Femoral, and Temporal.
  • Bradycardia: Slow heart rate (<60 beats per minute).
  • Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate (>100 beats per minute).
  • Asystole: No electrical activity in the heart (flat line on an ECG).

Blood Flow Through the Heart

  • Blood flows from the superior/inferior vena cava into the right atrium.
  • Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
  • To the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs.
  • To pulmonary veins to left atrium
  • Through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.
  • To the aorta to body.

Coronary Heart Disease (CAD)

  • Atherosclerosis: Buildup of lipids (cholesterol) in the artery walls.
  • Ischemia: Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.
  • Myocardial infarction (MI): Heart attack (death of heart tissue due to reduced blood flow).
  • True/False on specific details related to blood flow, heart valves, and artery/vein function.
  • Matching the term and concept (e.g., SA node vs. pacemaker)
  • Basic questions about the number of heart chambers and their location in relation to the chest cavity

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