Healthy People 2030 and Nutrition Basics

Healthy People 2030 Organization

• Aims to improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities in the United States.
• Focuses on identifying and addressing social determinants of health.
• Sets specific measurable objectives to guide health policies and practices.
• Encourages collaboration among governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote health equity.
• Works to enhance public awareness of health issues and encourage healthy behaviors.
• Emphasizes preventive care and wellness as critical components of health.

Essential vs Non-essential Nutrients

• Essential Nutrients: Substances that the body cannot synthesize on its own and must be obtained through diet.

  • Examples include vitamins (A, C, D, E, K), minerals (calcium, potassium, iron), certain amino acids, and fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6).

• Non-essential Nutrients: Nutrients that the body can produce in sufficient quantities, not necessarily required from external sources.

  • Includes certain amino acids (like alanine and aspartic acid) and specific fatty acids.

• Both essential and non-essential nutrients play vital roles in maintaining body functions, supporting growth, and preventing diseases.

Nutrition: Chapters 1-3

• Healthy People 2030 aims to improve health and well-being for all Americans through measurable objectives.
• Essential nutrients must be consumed through diet; non-essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.
• Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g, proteins 4 kcal/g, and fats 9 kcal/g.
• Protein's primary function is to build and repair tissues, while vitamins and minerals facilitate various biochemical processes.
• Pre-surgical dietary recommendations often suggest a high-protein diet to aid recovery.
• Amino acids serve as the building blocks of proteins and play roles in metabolism and neurotransmitter function.
• Malnutrition encompasses undernutrition (insufficient intake) and overnutrition (excessive intake).
• Elderly, hospitalized individuals, and those with chronic diseases are at higher risk for malnutrition.
• Complex carbohydrates can be found in foods like whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.
• Carbohydrates are vital globally for energy and nutrients, especially in grains and tubers.
• Whole grains contain the entire grain kernel; whole wheat refers specifically to wheat products that include the bran, germ, and endosperm.
• Carbohydrate classes:
  • Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)
  • Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
  • Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen)
• Glycogen serves as a storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in the liver and muscles.
• Soluble fiber aids in digestion and lowers cholesterol; insoluble fiber promotes regular bowel movements.
• Peristalsis is the movement of food through the digestive tract, traveling from the esophagus to the stomach and intestines.
• Symptoms of lactose intolerance include bloating, diarrhea, and gas after consuming dairy products.
• Fats are essential for energy, hormone production, and nutrient absorption.
• Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature and found in animal products; unsaturated fats are liquid and come from plants.
• Animal fats tend to be higher in saturated fats, while plant fats usually contain unsaturated fats.
• Nutrition concepts are crucial in managing urinary disorders, influencing dietary practices to improve health outcomes.

Adult Health: Chapter 10 - Urinary Disorders

• The urinary system primarily regulates fluid balance, electrolytes, and waste removal from the body.
• The kidneys perform filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, playing crucial roles in homeostasis.
• Ureters transport urine from kidneys to the bladder.
• The bladder stores urine until it's eliminated from the body.
• The kidneys are part of the renal system, which includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
• Adrenal glands secrete hormones like aldosterone, regulated by the renin-angiotensin system.
• Kidney anatomy includes the renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis, each with specific functions.
• Nephrons filter blood to produce urine; they consist of a glomerulus and renal tubule.
• GFR (glomerular filtration rate) indicates kidney function, measuring how much blood is filtered per minute.
• Juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure and trigger renin release to regulate blood flow.
• Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes in the nephrons.
• The glomerulus filters blood, allowing water and small molecules to pass while retaining larger molecules.
• The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH), controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys.
• Average daily urine production is 1 to 2 liters, influenced by hydration and diet.
• Urine color can indicate hydration levels: yellow (well-hydrated), amber (dehydrated), dark (severely dehydrated).
• Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in urine, which can signify underlying health issues.
• Older adults may experience decreased bladder capacity, reduced kidney function, and incontinence.
• BUN (blood urea nitrogen) is a measure of kidney function; normal range is typically 7-20 mg/dL.
• Tests for urinary disorders include PSA, urine osmolality, serum creatinine, KUB test, renal angiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasound.
• Thiazide diuretics reduce blood pressure by decreasing fluid retention; loop diuretics are more potent at eliminating excess fluid.
• Potassium-sparing diuretics help retain potassium while promoting diuresis.
• Nursing interventions involve monitoring I&O (intake and output), electrolyte levels, and renal function.
• Dietary restrictions may include sodium, potassium, and phosphorus management for patients with urinary disorders.
• UTI medications may include antibiotics; patient education is essential for adherence and prevention methods.
• Acid-Ash foods (acid-producing) and Alkaline-Ash foods (alkaline-producing) affect urine pH and can influence certain conditions.
• Types of catheters vary: intermittent (self-catheterization) and indwelling (long-term), differing in use and complication risks.
• Self-catheterization training includes hygiene practices and proper technique to minimize infection risk.
• Preventing catheter-associated UTIs involves maintaining a sterile technique and keeping the catheter clean.
• After catheter removal, patient teaching should cover signs of complications and re-establishing normal urinary patterns.
• Signs/symptoms of UTI include urgency, frequency, burning sensation during urination, and cloudy urine.
• Functional incontinence occurs when physical or cognitive impairments hinder timely bathroom access.
• Neurogenic bladder is characterized by abnormal bladder control due to nerve damage; medications like anticholinergics may help.
• Nursing interventions for neurogenic bladder include bladder training programs and patient education on self-management.
• Antibiotics for UTIs should be discussed with patients to ensure proper use and adherence.
• Patient teaching for cystitis includes fluid intake recommendations, hygiene practices, and recognizing symptoms.
• Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) and hydronephrosis (swelling of a kidney due to urine buildup) differ in causes and symptoms.
• Renal tumors can arise from genetic or environmental factors; early detection is crucial.
• Prostate cancer etiology involves risk factors like age, family history, and diet; patient education should include screening options.
• Nursing intervention for glomerulonephritis includes monitoring vital signs, lab values, and fluid balance.
• Causes of renal failure may include acute illness, chronic disease, and nephrotoxic medications.
• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires monitoring for decreased urine output, elevated creatinine, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Dialysis options include hemodialysis (filtering blood through a machine) and peritoneal dialysis (using the abdominal lining for filtration).