Healthy Mind and Body

• Mens sana corpore sano emphasizes the importance of a healthy mind in a healthy body.

Benefits of Physical Activity

• Enhances mental performance by increasing energy levels.
• Sharpens focus, with improvements lasting 2-3 hours after activity.
• Enhances mood through the release of endorphins and serotonin.
• Helps control impulsive behaviors by improving prioritization skills.
• Improves memory retention after physical activity.
• Increases productivity and improves time management.

Activity and the Brain

• Reduces stress and depression.
• Improves self-image.
• Enhances concentration, attention span, and mood.
• Improves memory function.
• Increases productivity levels.
• Slows down the aging process of the brain.

Physical Activity Importance

• Essential for maintaining a healthy mind and body.
• Sedentary lifestyles and poor diets contribute to inactivity and obesity.
• Addressing these issues requires lifestyle changes, community support, physical activity programs, and public health policies.

Research on Physical Activity and Cognition

• Research is a relatively new area, with significant studies emerging in the last decade.
• Early research focused on the impact of physical activity or education on academic performance.
• Current research explores the effects of physical activity on brain structure and function.
• Studies on older adults have been more established, with key research from 1975-2000.
• Initial studies had varied results on cognitive benefits.
• Recent studies show strong evidence that physical activity enhances brain function and cognition in older adults.
• Strong connections exist between physical activity, fitness, and better brain health for all ages.
• Further research is needed to understand how genetic and dietary factors influence these benefits.

The Physical Inactivity Crisis

• The Western world is experiencing a crisis of inactivity, with associated health issues.
• Only 7% of children aged 5-17 get the recommended 60 minutes of daily exercise.
• Physical inactivity contributes to reduced life expectancy.
• An estimated $6.8 billion annually is spent on diseases related to inactivity.
• Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke are the top contributors to inactivity-related diseases.

Obesity Rates

• Worldwide obesity rates have increased significantly between 1980 and 2013.
• Body mass index (BMI) is used to measure a person's weight in relation to their height.

Overcoming Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity

• Focus on built environments, including buildings, green spaces, and transportation infrastructure.
• The car is blamed as a major contributor to our “toxic world”.
• Implement "active and safe routes to school" programs for children to increase active transportation.
• Advocate for increased government funding for parks, playgrounds, pedestrian walkways, bike lanes, and street lighting.
• Encourage taking the stairs instead of elevators.
• Conduct "mobile meetings" by walking or biking instead of driving.

Addressing Socioeconomic Barriers to Physical Activity

• Socioeconomic barriers are linked to an individual's social standing, including income, education, and occupation.
• Many families cannot afford extracurricular programs for their children.
• Organizations like Right to Play, Project North, and Jumpstart aim to provide equipment and education.
• Seek out fee-free groups in your community.
• Apply for grants to get assistance.
• Participate in intramural programs.
• Ensure community accessibility.

Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Physical Activity

• Multiculturalism involves celebrating ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds.
• Increase access and equity in sport for immigrants.
• The sport information resource center are concerned about cultural barriers to physical activity.
• Governments and support groups must offer information about sport and recreation opportunities to newcomers.

Tackling Personal and Psychological Barriers to Physical Activity

• Obstacles include lack of time, poor diet, low self-esteem, lack of motivation/energy, no access, financial constraints, and fear of physical exertion.
• Choose enjoyable physical activities.
• Stop exercising if it hurts.
• Workout in non-competitive atmosphere.
• Seek a support system.
• Choose social activities that don't involve sitting.
• Take stairs or walk, jog or bike to work.
• Reduce TV watching and screen time.
• Start with 10 minutes of exercise daily.
• Switch from junk food to healthy foods.

Physical Literacy

• Individuals who are physically literate move with competence and confidence in a wide variety of physical activities in multiple environments that benefit the healthy development of the whole person.
• Emphasized through athlete development model.
• Additional benefits of community programs include reduced drug use, development of social skills, support services, and role models.
• Elements include physical competence, physical confidence, and motivation.

Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD)

• Emphasizes physical literacy across the lifespan.
• Provides a seven-stage training, competition, and recovery pathway.
• Considers the different developmental stages individuals undergo.

LTAD Stages

• Active Start (0-6 years): Focuses on daily active play to develop fundamental movement skills.
• FUNdamentals: Develops movement skills in structured and unstructured environments.
• Learn to Train: Refines movement skills and learn basic game rules.
• Train to Train: Athletes develop proficiency in physical, technical-tactical, mental, and emotional aspects of sports.
• Train to Compete: Athletes compete nationally and begin international competition.
• Train to Win: High-level competition with specialized training plans.
• Active for Life: Individuals remain active through lifelong fitness or competition.

Benefits of Healthy Habits

• Maintenance of a healthy body weight
• Prevention of lifestyle diseases
• Improved fitness for healthy muscles and bones

Importance of Physical Education

• Grounded in the idea that a healthy mind resides in a healthy body.
• School programs benefit students' physical and mental well-being and their capacity to learn.

Kinesiology Defined

• The study of physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects of the human environment.

Historical Figures in Sports

• Jesse Owens: Won 4 gold medals in the 1936 Berlin Olympics, challenging Hitler's Aryan supremacy narrative.
• Munich massacre: 11 Israeli athletes and one police officer were killed by terrorists at the Olympics.
• Billie jean king: She is a former world #1 tennis player, advocate for women's rights and the founder of the women's sports foundation
• Terry Fox: A Canadian athlete and activist who ran across Canada to raise money for cancer research.
• Ben johnson: Top Canadian sprinter who was later disqualified for doping in the 1988 Olympics.
• The Boston marathon bombing: It is the world's oldest annual marathon and one of the world's best known road racing events.
• Sabrina Ionescu: She is an American basketball player.

Sport in Canada: Historical Overview

• New France (1665): Early native culture games focused on religious practice, cultural values, and survival skills.
• Baggataway is the origin of lacrosse.
• English colony (1763): British wealth led to cricket, horse racing, fox hunting, and snow shoeing.
• Victorian period: Industrialization and urbanization lead to the development of sport as leisure.
• 1850: Focus on socializing with few rules.
• 1860-1890: Rule standardization and scheduled competition.
• 1920: Increased focus on participation and spectator sports.

Emergence of Sport as a Commodity (1920-1960)

• Economic prosperity, technological changes, and population growth.
• Sport became commercialized with amateur and professional sports emerging.

Sport and the Canadian State (1960-Present)

• Government became more involved in improving sport.
• J. Diefenbaker recognized sport as a national pride booster.
• Bill C-131: Marked the federal government's commitment to promoting sport development.
• Annual funding, initiation of the Canada Games, and research grants/scholarships were introduced.

Canadian Athlete Role Models

• James Naismith: Inventor of basketball.
• Tom Longboat: Runner who won the 1907 Boston Marathon.
• Bill Crothers: Best mid-distance runners in the world.
• Fergie Jenkins: Outstanding baseball pitcher.
• Paul Henderson: Scored the winning goal in the 1972 Summit Series.
• Rick Hansen: Participated across the world raised $10 million for spinal cord research.
• Terry Fox: Embarked in the marathon of hope across canada with amputated leg.
• Silken Laumann: World renowned rower with many gold medals.
• Wayne gretzky: The great one, dominated and re-wrote the NHL hockey record books.
• Donovan bailey: Gold medals in 100 m dash and 4x 100 m relay in 1996 olympics in atlanta .
• Andre de grasse: 7 time olympic medalist.
• RJ barrett: Played college basketball at duke.

History of the Olympic Games

• Athens, 1896: First Olympic Games (13 countries, 9 sports).
• Paris 1900: Poorly organized with women competing in golf and tennis.
• St. Louis 1904: Coincided with the World Fair, mostly American competitors.
• London 1908: All judges were British.
• Stockholm 1912: Well-organized, added swimming for women.
• Antwerp 1920: Germany, Austria, Hungary not allowed.
• Paris 1924: Large increase in countries and competitors.
• Amsterdam 1928: Women participated in athletics and gymnastics.
• Los Angeles 1932: Reduced participants; first Olympic village.
• Berlin 1936: Jesse Owens foiled Hitler's propaganda plan by winning 4 gold medals.
• London 1948: Germany, Japan, and Soviet Union did not attend.
• Helsinki 1952: Soviet Union participated.
• Melbourne 1956: Equestrian events held in Sweden; some countries pulled out for political reasons.
• Rome 1960: All-white South African team; first performance drug-related death.
• Tokyo 1964: South Africa banned due to apartheid policy.
• Mexico City 1968: Protests against inequality of black people in the USA.
• Munich 1972: Palestinian terrorists killed Israelis; Rhodesia not allowed due to all-white team.
• Montreal 1976: Extremely costly, Taiwan withdrew, African countries boycotted due to apartheid policy.
• Moscow 1980: Boycotted by Western nations.
• Los Angeles 1984: Most commercialized to date
• Seoul 1988: Professional tennis players attended for 1st time.
• Barcelona 1992: Entirely peaceful; USA basketball "dream team".
• Atlanta 1996: The games had almost every country participate.
• Sydney 2000: Flawlessly organized with no major incidents.
• Athens 2004: Focus on the original roots of the games.
• Beijing 2008: One of the most expensive games to date.
• London 2012: First country to host 3 times.
• Rio 2016: First South American country to host.
• Tokyo 2020: The games were delayed to 2021 due to COVID.

Sport and Canadian Culture

• Sport and popular culture are intertwined in developed countries.
• Culture: the ways of life people create in any given society by interacting with one another

Why sport is an important part of popular culture

• Quest for excitement in contemporary society.
• Appreciation of the tremendous physical skills required to participate at high level sports.
• Need for social identification and rivalries.

Business of Sport

• It is a fast-growing industry.
• Economic factors influence major decisions.
• Commercial sports thrive in market economies, societies with large cities, countries with high living standards, and capital.
• Athletes are paid in professional sports are privately owned.
• Sports sponsorships: In return for money the athletes advertise the names of sponsors

Amateur Sport in Canada

• Athletes do not make a salary and participate for the sole love of the game.
• Governing bodies control athletes, events, and revenues.
• Money is only enough to train full time.

Sponsorship in professional sports

• Sponsors are advertised through clothing lines corporate logos on equipment TV advertisements and choice of commodations
• Millions of dollars are made from corporate sponsorship.

Sponsorship in amateur sports

• Only enough money is made for the athlete to train full time.

How it worlds

• Sign legal agreement to prevent quick termination if things go wrong.
• In case of tobacco sponsorship, federal government made the decision

NIL: name, image, likeness:

• They can engage in NIL activities if they follow state laws where their school is located.
• They can still participate in NIL activities without breaking NCAA rules
• College athletes across all div 1 sports can earn income outside of their scholarship money.

Sport as a spectacle:

• Sports account for growing proportion of income made on the sales of commercial time by televised companies.
• Televised sports have become a form of sportainment Sports account for growing proportion of income made on the sales of commercial time by televised companies

Radio:Before TV radio was #1 media form.

Film and video: Dramatic content, sports content (movies, videos)

Internet:

• Extension of existing media
• Fantasy leagues
• Streaming sites
• Podcasts

Factors that influence student participation:

• Participation differs for everyone at different points in their lives

Being an informed consumer:

• We will almost always need to buy more equipment.

Technology:Continues to change sports.

Clothing have performance benefits:

• Heat removal
• Windproof
• Reduced drag
• Aerodynamic advantage
• Biomechanical advantage of shoes

Gender-based inequalities

• It persists in sports.
• It happens when women cannot compete in high profile men's professional events when women-only options are available.
• Lack of salary and sponsors: It is fewer for the athletes.
• Gender based inequities if officiating roles.

The challenge of defining gender:

• The international association of athletes federation was faced with a complex question
• What defines a man or a woman.

The last closet:

• Urged the sporting community to be accepting.

Violence and aggression:

• Violence: is the international use of physical force to hurt or injure a person or damage
• Aggression: is attacking or threatening a person without being provoked
• Hostile aggression: is the deliberate intent to harm another player fuelled by anger and hostility
• Instrumental aggression: a player is injured a side effect of the aggressors attempt to achieve something else for example an injury that occurs during a legal football tackle

Violence and aggression within competition:

• Some degree of violent conduct is tolerated or even encouraged in contact sports such as football and hockey

Violence and aggression off the field:

• Athletes are often trained to react to situations of conflict by using violence which is part of many sports

Violence and aggression among fans:

• Violence and aggression among fans is a series issues around the world most notably in soccer
• “Passionate” fans sometime are referred to hooligans and alcohol and drugs are a major influence