Healthcare Cultural Safety Quiz

PPN 301 - Class 1: Promoting the Health of Childbearing Individuals and Populations

• Course is titled PPN 301
• Class 1 focuses on promoting the health of childbearing individuals and populations
• The course agenda includes: review of course syllabus, overview of global trends in maternal, infant, and child health, maternal, infant, child health promotion, a theoretical perspective on Maternal and Child Nursing Practice, Principles of Family-Centred Maternity and Newborn Care, Trauma and Violence informed care, and Cultural safety and cultural humility.

Global Trends in Maternal, Infant, and Child Health

• Maternal: Every day, approximately 810 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 94% of maternal deaths occur in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Young adolescents (ages 10-14) face a higher risk of complications and death from pregnancy than other women.
• Infant: Globally, 2.4 million children died in the first month of life. Approximately 6700 newborn deaths occur every day, accounting for 47% of all child deaths under 5 years old. An estimated 15 million babies are born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation).

Maternal and Infant Mortality in Canada

• 31 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
• 1,750 infants or 4.7 infant deaths per 1,000 live births
• 85.2% of infant deaths occur within the first week of life, most within 24 hours.
• Infant mortality rates are twice as high for Indigenous groups compared to non-Indigenous populations.
• Risk of preterm birth is 8.9% higher in Indigenous populations compared to White populations (McKinnon, 2016).
• Black women/African Americans are 3-4 times more likely to die from pregnancy and childbirth-related complications.

Inequalities in Infant Mortality in Canada

• Infant mortality rates are significantly higher in lower socioeconomic groups and regions with higher proportions of Indigenous peoples.
• Factors like low maternal education, inadequate housing, food insecurity, and lack of access to healthcare are strongly associated with higher infant mortality rates.

Maternal and Infant Health Inequities

• Health inequities are differences in health status and distribution of health resources between population groups resulting from social conditions impacting birth, growth, living, work and aging.
• Social justice policies can reduce health inequities.

UN Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being

• Target 3.1: Reduce maternal mortality
• Target 3.2: End preventable deaths under 5 years of age
• Target 3.7: Universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning, and education

Reproductive Rights and Justice

• Reproductive rights embody the basic rights of all individuals to decide freely and responsibly on the number, spacing, and timing of their children, and to have access to information and means to do so, reaching the highest standard of reproductive health, free from discrimination and coercion.
• Reproductive justice encompasses the physical, mental, spiritual, political, economic, and social well-being of women and girls.

Critical Social Theory Perspective

• Understands the socio-political and historical roots of inequalities, and examines power relationships and structures in society that produce inequalities.
• Applies critical perspectives to understand health inequalities at the micro, meso, and macro levels.

Critical Race Theory

• Rooted in the acknowledgement that race is a social construct and racism is a central societal feature embedded in institutions.
• Challenges the biological construct of race in health disparity analyses.
• Analyzes historical and sociopolitical structures, contributing to differential health outcomes between different racial groups.

Critical Social Theory Perspective (Cont'd)

• Engages with the problem to bring about transformation
• Works with individuals, families, and multi-sector collaborations to influence policy and address determinants of health.
• Explicit commitment to social justice.

Cultural Safety & Cultural Humility

• Cultural safety highlights power imbalances in healthcare relationships.
• Cultural humility is a process of self-reflection to increase awareness of one's personal and systemic biases.

How can I Speak Up Against Racism?

• Set limits in conversations, acting respectfully.
• Practice, prepare, and express concerns clearly and respectfully to disrupt harmful conversations and behaviors.
• Apologize if you make mistakes or perpetrate injustice, and engage in continued learning to eradicate biases.
• Uncover and learn from mistakes to deepen your understanding of racism.
• Persuade others to engage in anti-racism, spreading awareness and encouragement.

Inclusive Language

• Consider the impact of using inclusive language during pregnancy.
• Use inclusive terms such as pregnant people instead of pregnant women, parent instead of mother or father.
• Respect clients' preferences for pronouns and body terminology.

Healthy Babies Healthy Children (HBHC) Program

• Is a public health program that supports individuals and families in having healthy pregnancies, developing positive relationships with babies and children.
• Promotes child growth and development.
• Provides access to community resources, including health and social services.

Perinatal and Pediatric Nursing

• Perinatal nurses work collaboratively with childbearing individuals and families during pregnancy and postpartum.
• Pediatric nurses care for children from birth to age 18 years.

Perinatal Healthcare Providers

• Includes nurses, midwives, obstetricians, and doulas.

Key Nursing Practice & Reproductive Health Considerations

• Role of the MCN (Midwifery Care Nurse) in reproductive and pregnancy health care.
• Factors nurses should consider in providing reproductive and pregnancy care.
• Ethical issues that may arise in providing reproductive and pregnancy care.

CASN Entry-to-Practice Competencies

• Core competencies related to childbearing family nursing care for baccalaureate nursing students in Canada.
• Knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed for all new nurses.
• National consensus-based guidelines for entry-level registered nurses caring for childbearing families.

Perinatal Nursing Standards and CNA Speciality Certification

• Organizations offering perinatal nursing certification in Canada.

Trauma and Violence Informed Care

• Policies and practices that recognize the connections between violence, trauma and negative health outcomes and behaviour.
• Aims to minimize harmful potential, enhance safety, resilience and control for victims.
• Increases attention to impacts of violence on people's lives and well-being.

Four Principles for Implementing TVIC Approaches

• Understanding trauma and violence, and their impact on lives and behaviour.
• Acknowledging, listening to, believing and validating survivors' experiences.
• Recognizing and considering survivors' strengths.
• Expressing concern respectfully and with care.

Avoiding Assumptions

• Important to establish a trusting nurse-client relationship by respectfully and carefully listening to clients to understand their individual circumstances and needs.