Healthcare and Rehabilitation Quiz

Health Care Delivery System

• A mechanism providing services to meet the health needs of individuals.
• Health care providers are continually seeking cost-effective ways to deliver services to consumers.
• Consumers increasingly demand greater accessibility and affordability of quality health care services.
• Nursing is a crucial component of global health care delivery.

Types of Health Care Services

• Health care services are categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.

Primary: Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

• Main aims are wellness promotion and illness/disability prevention.
• Directed at individuals, families, and communities.

Secondary: Diagnosis and Treatment

• Mostly occurs in acute treatment centers (hospitals).
• Growing trend of providing diagnostic and therapeutic services in more accessible locations.

Tertiary: Rehabilitation

• Focus is restoring individuals to their pre-illness state.
• Rehabilitation goals include helping clients reach optimal self-care levels.
• Restorative care involves holistic support—physical, psychological, social, and spiritual.

Types of Health Care Services (Detailed)

Secondary and Tertiary Care Centers

• Hospitals: Emergency departments, urgent care, inpatient/outpatient medical-surgical units provide secondary and tertiary care.
• Quality patient safety is prioritized by most acute care organizations.
• Patients receive instructions (safe medication use, food-drug interactions, and rehabilitation techniques) before leaving the facility.
• Intensive Care Units (ICUs): Hospital units employing close monitoring and intensive medical support for patients. Including advanced technologies like cardiac monitors and ventilators.
• Psychiatric Facilities/Mental Health Hospitals: Provide counseling, treatment, and care for individuals with emotional and behavioral problems (depression, violence, eating disorders). Often found in hospitals, private clinics, and independent mental health hospitals.
• Home Health Care: Services provided in patients' homes for ongoing health maintenance, disease management (diagnosis, treatment, prevention, rehabilitation, palliation), and supportive care. Includes monitoring, assessments, nutritional support, medications, IV/blood therapy, and wound/respiratory care.
• Rehabilitation: Restoring individuals to their fullest possible health, including physical, mental, social, and vocational potential in diverse settings (e.g., specialized centers, hospitals, outpatient clinics). Includes rehabilitation therapies and supporting life-style modifications.

Health Care Team

• Health care services are provided by multidisciplinary teams.
• Nurses work with other professionals regularly.
• Nurses coordinate the care of each patient, meeting diverse needs.
• Roles are influenced by healthcare environment changes.
• Nurses function in dependent, independent, and interdependent roles.

Roles within a Health Care Team

See detailed notes in page 18.

Factors Influencing Health Care Delivery

• Cost: The health care system's existence depends on fiscal resources. Government spending on per person health care is crucial.
• Access: Access to care is significantly impacted by poverty. Limited transportation, lack of funds for public transit, and the difficulty reaching care centers are factors.
• Quality: Unnecessary diagnostic and medical procedures (estimated 30-40%) impact health care quality. Decreased registered nurse and staff numbers risk patient safety and compromising healthcare quality.

Issues in Health Care Delivery

• Nursing Shortage: Turkey's substantial number of nurses is not enough. This may increase during the aging population.
• Competency (Critical): Health care professionals need advanced skills and competencies for 21st-century healthcare (interdisciplinary teams, patient-centered care, using evidence-based practice, technology, and quality improvement).
• Evidence-based Practice: Nurses need to be knowledgeable of new information, trends, technology, research studies and socio-economic factors to maintain high quality patient care.
• Quality and Safety: Nurses play an important role in ensuring quality healthcare and safety (hand hygiene, teamwork, disease prevention, and medication reconciliation, etc.).
• Magnet Recognition Program: Organizations achieving excellence in nursing practices through quality patient care and innovative practices receive the Magnet designation.
• Nursing Informatics and Technological Advancements: Nurses use information systems/technology to manage knowledge, communicate, lessen errors, and improve decision-making using Artificial Intelligence.
• Globalization of Health Care: Advances in communications (internet technology) allows for worldwide participation in health care discussions. However, Globalization also increases healthcare risks for communicable and non-communicable diseases (e.g., Covid-19, tuberculosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome).

Community-Based Nursing Practice

• Collaborative evidence-based model meeting community health care needs.
• Focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, and restorative care.
• Community health professionals play an important role in assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating public/community health services.
• Community-based care occurs outside traditional settings like hospitals and serves individuals/families with acute/chronic healthcare needs.

Vulnerable Populations

• Vulnerable populations include those who face higher health risks due to limited access to care.
  • Immigrants: Higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, infectious diseases, shorter life expectancy due to lack of healthcare access and culturally different healing practices.
  • Poverty/Homeless: Hazardous living conditions, exposure to job risks and poor nutrition resulting on chronic health problems and lack of healthcare access for shelter.
  • Abused Victims: Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and neglect impacting older adults, women, and children due to dysfunctional family dynamics, mental health issues, substance abuse.
  • Substance Abuse Patients: Drug and alcohol abuse impacting health and socioeconomics.
  • Mental Illnesses: Severe mental illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) lead to increased health and socioeconomics problems.
  • Older Adults: Chronic diseases and the need for more health care services due to the aging population's increase.

Competency in Community-Based Nursing

• Caregiver: Holistic individualized patient care using the nursing process in a critical thinking approach.
• Case Manager: Creating a comprehensive care plan for patients and their families considering needed resources across the care continuum and anticipating possible obstacles.
• Change Agent: Identifying and addressing problems in community-based care (e.g., lack of child care services, community violence). Empowering individuals and communities.
• Patient Advocate: Helping patients navigate the healthcare system, identify healthcare services/individuals, and ensuring appropriate service access.
• Collaborator: Working in conjunction with other healthcare professionals (e.g., social workers, hospices) to provide holistic care.
• Counselor: Supporting patients/families in identifying & clarifying health problems and determining appropriate solutions.
• Epidemiologist: Identifying patterns, causes, and effects of health conditions especially for hospitalized/community healthcare.
  • including COVID-19 related health effects (mortality, adolescent pregnancy, infectious disease, communicable diseases)
• Community Assessment: Conducting systematic evaluations to understand the community's health, structure, population, and social systems, and making data accessible to community health care stakeholders.