Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which intervention strategy best exemplifies the application of the Social Ecological Model at the organizational level?
Which intervention strategy best exemplifies the application of the Social Ecological Model at the organizational level?
- Providing one-on-one counseling to individuals struggling with addiction.
- Implementing a workplace policy that requires mandatory mental health check-ins. (correct)
- Establishing community gardens to improve access to fresh produce.
- A media campaign to increase awareness about the benefits of exercise.
In the context of public health, what distinguishes health promotion from health education?
In the context of public health, what distinguishes health promotion from health education?
- Health promotion encompasses a broader range of strategies, including policy and environmental changes, while health education focuses on disseminating knowledge. (correct)
- Health education is primarily focused on policy changes, while health promotion centers on individual behavior.
- Health promotion is a short-term initiative, whereas health education is a long-term, sustained effort.
- Health education is exclusively conducted in clinical settings, while health promotion occurs in community environments.
Which scenario exemplifies an interprofessional approach in public health?
Which scenario exemplifies an interprofessional approach in public health?
- A health educator providing information to the public about the dangers of smoking.
- A team consisting of a physician, a social worker, and a nurse collaborating to provide holistic care to patients with chronic illnesses. (correct)
- A policy maker drafting legislation to regulate the sale of tobacco products.
- An epidemiologist conducting research on the spread of infectious diseases.
How does the public health model differ from the medical model in addressing health issues?
How does the public health model differ from the medical model in addressing health issues?
Which of the following actions best demonstrates community empowerment in addressing health determinants?
Which of the following actions best demonstrates community empowerment in addressing health determinants?
If a study aims to determine the number of new cases of influenza in a city during the past year, which epidemiological measure should be used?
If a study aims to determine the number of new cases of influenza in a city during the past year, which epidemiological measure should be used?
A researcher is studying the total number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS in a specific region at a particular point in time. Which epidemiological measure are they assessing?
A researcher is studying the total number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS in a specific region at a particular point in time. Which epidemiological measure are they assessing?
In a town with a rapidly aging population, which mortality rate would be most useful for comparing the risk of death to a town with a younger population?
In a town with a rapidly aging population, which mortality rate would be most useful for comparing the risk of death to a town with a younger population?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'community capacity' in public health?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'community capacity' in public health?
A study reveals a high crude mortality rate in a rural community. What additional information is most crucial to accurately interpret this finding?
A study reveals a high crude mortality rate in a rural community. What additional information is most crucial to accurately interpret this finding?
Which scenario primarily illustrates the impact of social context, as a social determinant of health (SDOH), on individual health outcomes?
Which scenario primarily illustrates the impact of social context, as a social determinant of health (SDOH), on individual health outcomes?
A public health initiative aims to reduce the incidence of measles in a community with a high rate of vaccine hesitancy. Which intervention strategy aligns best with addressing this issue at the primary prevention level?
A public health initiative aims to reduce the incidence of measles in a community with a high rate of vaccine hesitancy. Which intervention strategy aligns best with addressing this issue at the primary prevention level?
A researcher is studying the prevalence of obesity in school-aged children, using body mass index (BMI) data collected from annual school physicals. What type of data is the researcher primarily utilizing in this scenario?
A researcher is studying the prevalence of obesity in school-aged children, using body mass index (BMI) data collected from annual school physicals. What type of data is the researcher primarily utilizing in this scenario?
A community health worker observes that a specific neighborhood with predominantly low-income residents experiences significantly higher rates of asthma-related hospitalizations compared to the rest of the city. How can we best frame this disparity?
A community health worker observes that a specific neighborhood with predominantly low-income residents experiences significantly higher rates of asthma-related hospitalizations compared to the rest of the city. How can we best frame this disparity?
In the epidemiological triangle, which element encompasses factors such as sanitation, climate, and the presence of vectors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
In the epidemiological triangle, which element encompasses factors such as sanitation, climate, and the presence of vectors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
A novel virus exhibits a high degree of infectivity but causes mild symptoms in most infected individuals. Which characteristic of the pathogen would be considered relatively low?
A novel virus exhibits a high degree of infectivity but causes mild symptoms in most infected individuals. Which characteristic of the pathogen would be considered relatively low?
A community achieves herd immunity against a highly contagious respiratory virus. How does this phenomenon primarily protect individuals who are not themselves immune to the virus?
A community achieves herd immunity against a highly contagious respiratory virus. How does this phenomenon primarily protect individuals who are not themselves immune to the virus?
Analysis of global mortality data reveals a significant increase in deaths attributed to cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries. What is the most likely factor driving this trend?
Analysis of global mortality data reveals a significant increase in deaths attributed to cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries. What is the most likely factor driving this trend?
An individual with limited health literacy needs to manage a complex medication regimen for a chronic condition. Which intervention strategy would be most effective in improving their adherence and health outcomes?
An individual with limited health literacy needs to manage a complex medication regimen for a chronic condition. Which intervention strategy would be most effective in improving their adherence and health outcomes?
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need would someone seek to satisfy immediately after having secured stable employment and a safe living environment?
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need would someone seek to satisfy immediately after having secured stable employment and a safe living environment?
Flashcards
Health
Health
Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease.
Wellness
Wellness
Active pursuit of optimal health across multiple dimensions.
Quality of Life
Quality of Life
Overall life satisfaction, health status, economic stability, and personal fulfillment.
Social Ecological Model (SEM)
Social Ecological Model (SEM)
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Health Promotion
Health Promotion
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Health Education
Health Education
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Interprofessionality
Interprofessionality
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Public Health Model
Public Health Model
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Incidence
Incidence
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Prevalence
Prevalence
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Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of Health
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Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention
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Secondary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
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Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
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Primary Data
Primary Data
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Secondary Data
Secondary Data
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Health Disparities
Health Disparities
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Health Equity
Health Equity
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Epidemiological Triangle
Epidemiological Triangle
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Health Literacy
Health Literacy
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Study Notes
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, exceeding just the absence of disease.
- Wellness is the active pursuit of optimal health, covering physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social facets.
- Quality of Life is a broad concept that encompasses overall life satisfaction, health status, economic stability, and personal fulfillment.
Social Ecological Model (SEM)
- The Social Ecological Model is a framework considering multiple levels influencing health behaviors.
- Individual level considers knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.
- Interpersonal level considers relationships, family, and social networks.
- Community level considers schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods.
- Organizational level considers policies within institutions.
- Policy level considers laws and regulations.
- The SEM is applied in public health interventions like obesity prevention, smoking cessation, and violence reduction.
Health Promotion vs. Health Education
- Health Promotion includes policy, environment, and education to improve health, taking a broad approach.
- Health Education focuses on knowledge dissemination to encourage healthier behaviors, a more specific approach.
Interprofessionality and Multidisciplinary Approach
- Interprofessionality involves collaboration between health professionals e.g., doctors, nurses, social workers for integrated care.
- Multidisciplinary Approach is when different fields work in parallel on health issues e.g., epidemiologists, policymakers, community workers.
Public Health Model vs. Medical Model
- Public Health Model targets prevention, population health, and social determinants.
- Medical Model focuses on treatment and individual care via diagnosis and medical intervention.
Community Capacity
- Community Capacity defines a community’s ability to address and solve health issues.
- Social Connectedness is the strength of relationships and sense of belonging.
- Community Empowerment is when you increase the ability of communities to control their health determinants.
Incidence and Prevalence
- Incidence is the number of new cases in a population over a time period, used in cohort studies.
- Prevalence is the total number of existing cases at a specific time, which is typically measured in cross-sectional studies.
Morbidity and Mortality
- Morbidity refers to the presence of disease or illness in a population.
- Morbidity is measured via incidence and prevalence rates.
- Mortality refers to death rates within a population.
- Mortality is measured via crude, age-adjusted, and cause-specific mortality rates.
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
- These are non-medical factors influencing health outcomes.
- Examples include economic stability such as income and employment.
- Examples include education such as literacy and schooling.
- Examples include health care access such as availability of services.
- Examples include neighborhood environment such as housing and safety.
- Examples include social context such as discrimination and social cohesion.
Types of Prevention
- Primary Prevention prevents disease before it occurs e.g., vaccines, health education.
- Secondary Prevention includes early detection and intervention e.g., screenings, mammograms.
- Tertiary Prevention reduces complications from disease e.g., rehabilitation, diabetes management.
Primary and Secondary Data
- Primary Data is collected firsthand e.g., surveys, interviews, experiments.
- Secondary Data is pre-existing data e.g., census reports, hospital records.
Health Disparities and Health Equity
- Health Disparities are differences in health outcomes between groups due to disadvantages.
- Health Equity ensures everyone has fair access to opportunities to attain their highest health potential.
Epidemiological Triangle
- The Epidemiological Triangle is a model to explain the causes of disease.
- Agent: the pathogen or disease-causing factor.
- Host: the organism affected.
- Environment: external factors influencing disease spread.
Characteristics of Pathogens
- Virulence is the severity of the disease it causes.
- Infectivity is the ability to infect a host.
- Pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease.
- Transmission mode is how it spreads e.g., airborne, vector-borne.
Immunity and Herd Immunity
- Immunity is the body’s ability to resist infection.
- Herd Immunity is when a high percentage of the population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not.
Leading Causes of Death
- Globally, the leading causes of death are heart disease, stroke, and lower respiratory infections.
- In the U.S., the leading causes of death are heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries.
Health Literacy
- Health Literacy is the ability to obtain, understand, and use health information to make decisions.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- This is a model of human motivation.
- Physiological needs e.g., food, water.
- Safety needs e.g., security, health.
- Love and belonging e.g., relationships.
- Esteem needs e.g., recognition, respect.
- Self-actualization: achieving potential.
Four Types of Epidemiological Studies
- Descriptive e.g., case reports, cross-sectional studies.
- Analytical e.g., cohort, case-control studies.
- Experimental e.g., clinical trials.
- Ecological examines population-level factors.
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Description
Explores health as a state of well-being, wellness as an active pursuit, and quality of life. Covers the Social Ecological Model (SEM) and its application in public health for interventions like obesity prevention and smoking cessation. Includes individual, interpersonal, community and policy levels.
