Health, Stress, and Addiction Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of mindfulness as described in the content?

  • Changing irrational thoughts
  • Eliminating stress entirely
  • Being present and regulating thoughts (correct)
  • Engaging in cognitive restructuring

Which of the following treatments is associated specifically with addiction recovery?

  • Functional Analysis Therapy
  • Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
  • Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (correct)
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

What has been shown to be a better outcome when using the MORE program compared to other programs?

  • Enhanced cognitive distortion
  • Higher rates of addiction relapse
  • Increased stress levels
  • Reduced cravings (correct)

What is a key criticism of the supporting studies for mindfulness and addiction treatments?

<p>They have methodological weaknesses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pattern of behavior change through the central route of persuasion typically manifest?

<p>As a permanent change in behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Functional Analysis in therapy involve?

<p>Identifying thoughts that trigger cravings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary components of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)?

<p>Regular group sessions with mindfulness techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between stress and cognitive distortions leading to addiction?

<p>Irrational thinking can lead to drug use as a coping strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial definition of health emphasize?

<p>An interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitter imbalances play in physical health?

<p>They influence behavior by altering communication between neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a physiological stress response?

<p>Increased heart rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes withdrawal in the context of addiction?

<p>Experiencing symptoms upon stopping a substance or behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes genetic influences on health?

<p>Genes can influence the likelihood of physical activity and the risk of illnesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise impact serotonin levels?

<p>Exercise increases serotonin, improving mood and alertness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to stress perceptions?

<p>Genetic predisposition to illness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about addiction is accurate?

<p>Addiction can manifest as both physical and behavioral dependencies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to non-adherence in lower socioeconomic groups?

<p>Chaotic lifestyles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of positive reinforcement in promoting healthy behavior?

<p>Receiving external feedback and praise for healthy behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Griffiths' six components of addiction addresses the dominance of addiction in a person's life?

<p>Salience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key implication of the short-term vs long-term effects of stress on medication adherence?

<p>Stress affects adherence primarily in the short-term. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter imbalance is associated with schizophrenia?

<p>High levels of dopamine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rational non-adherence is characterized by what decision-making process?

<p>Cost-benefit analysis regarding treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'trigger' factors in the context of genetic influences on health?

<p>Environmental cues that activate genetic predispositions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health as a continuum, what do health and ill health represent?

<p>Extreme ends of a spectrum with various states in between. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do behavioral approaches to health promotion often encounter?

<p>They rely solely on immediate rewards that are often not available. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learned helplessness can lead to which of the following outcomes?

<p>Decreased adherence and worsening conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'perceived ability to cope' in relation to stress?

<p>A person's belief in their capacity to manage stress demands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does negative reinforcement in health behavior encourage?

<p>Behaving healthily to avoid feelings of guilt or unpleasant emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'negative thinking' imply in the context of health adherence?

<p>Passive behavior and decreased motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lack of support from significant others can impact adherence in what way?

<p>It can lead to forgetfulness and lack of motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may occur as a result of cost-related barriers to medication adherence?

<p>Decreased willingness to invest in treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between stress and memory in the context of health advice?

<p>Stress can disrupt memory and lead to forgetting medical advice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased self-efficacy generally affect performance according to Vancouver et al. (2002)?

<p>It can lower performance due to overconfidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Transtheoretical model involves a client who is actively planning to change within the next month?

<p>Preparation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption of the Transtheoretical model states that change occurs in a cyclical process?

<p>Change occurs through stages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the communicator that enhances persuasive communication according to the Hovland-Yale theory?

<p>Credibility and attractiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should interventions be designed according to the client's stage in the Transtheoretical model?

<p>Interventions must align with the stage of change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can negatively impact a person's self-efficacy when facing stress or anxiety?

<p>Fear of evaluation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Hovland-Yale theory, what type of appeal is particularly effective in persuading an audience?

<p>Emotional appeal combined with a solution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of the Transtheoretical model regarding the stages of change?

<p>Stages are inherently arbitrary with no clear cut-off points. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is likely to exhibit lower adherence to health advice?

<p>Older people living alone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered more important than improving access to information?

<p>Providing quality information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method can help reduce a client's resistance to changing their perceptions?

<p>Include the client in decision-making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is linked to improving client adherence through emotional support?

<p>Building exercise into a habit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific approach can increase a client's motivation to adhere to health behaviors?

<p>Managing stress effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Providing financial incentives is more effective than what alternative according to the findings?

<p>Informing about health risks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be emphasized to address a client's fears about medical advice?

<p>Discussing fears directly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is likely to help bridge the perception-behavior gap in health adherence?

<p>Enhancing clients' awareness of their mindless habits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Ill Health

A situation where a person experiences reduced physical, mental, or social well-being.

Stress

The emotional and physical response to situations perceived as threatening or challenging.

Addiction

A complex brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding activities despite negative consequences.

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Stressor

A factor that triggers a stress response, such as physical or psychological challenges.

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Stress Response

The body's automatic response to stress, involving both physical and psychological changes.

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Stress Occurs When...

A situation where an individual's perceived ability to cope with demands is less than the actual demands.

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Genetic Predisposition

An increased susceptibility to a particular illness due to having specific genes.

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Neurotransmitters

The chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, affecting behavior, mood, and overall functioning.

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Neurotransmitter Imbalance

A condition where the level of a specific neurotransmitter is either too high or too low, impacting behavior, mood, and other brain functions.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their consequences. Rewards encourage repetition, while punishments discourage them.

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Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior happening again. It can be a positive reward like pleasure or a negative relief from unpleasant feelings.

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Positive Reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior with something pleasant. For example, enjoying the chemical release in your brain during exercise.

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Negative Reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior by removing something unpleasant. For example, alleviating the feelings of guilt by exercising.

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Cues

Stimuli that trigger associations with the pleasure of healthy or unhealthy behaviors, making those behaviors more likely to be repeated.

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Using Positive Reinforcement

Using external feedback, such as praise or achievement of targets, to encourage healthy behavior. This approach is tailored to the individual.

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Self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to succeed in a specific situation.

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Emotional States and Self-efficacy

Emotional states like stress, anxiety, and fear can lower self-efficacy, making individuals feel less capable of achieving goals.

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Breaking Down Tasks

Breaking down a large task into smaller, manageable steps, starting with the easiest ones.

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Transtheoretical Model of Change

A model proposing that change occurs through stages, not always in a linear fashion, recognizing that individuals differ in their readiness to change, and intervention effectiveness depends on the individual's stage.

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Mindfulness

A way of thinking and behaving that involves being present in the moment and accepting thoughts and feelings without judgment. It emphasizes observing and regulating our thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

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Precontemplation Stage

Refers to the first stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual has no intention of changing in the next six months.

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Hovland-Yale Theory of Persuasion

The communicator's credibility, attractiveness, and the message's emotional appeal can influence persuasion.

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Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

A structured program that helps reduce stress through mindfulness techniques based on Buddhist meditation. It involves regular group sessions focusing on body scan, mindful stretching, and mindful awareness of thoughts.

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Credibility (Communicator)

A credible communicator is seen as trustworthy and knowledgeable, enhancing persuasion.

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Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE)

A mindfulness-based approach to addiction recovery that focuses on increasing self-awareness and reducing cravings through mindful practices. It emphasizes reducing mindless behaviors and becoming more aware of triggers.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that addresses irrational thinking and behavior patterns associated with addiction. It involves identifying high-risk situations and thought patterns associated with cravings, challenging distorted thinking, and learning coping skills.

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Attractiveness (Communicator)

Physically attractive communicators can have a greater persuasive impact due to the 'halo effect'.

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Cognitive Restructuring

A process within CBT where a therapist helps a client identify and challenge distorted or irrational thoughts that contribute to addictive behaviors.

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Behavior Change

A component of CBT that involves acquiring and practicing new skills to manage cravings and avoid relapse. It involves identifying triggers, developing strategies to cope, and building resilience.

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Relapse Prevention

A process in CBT that helps individuals identify triggers that lead to relapse and learn to manage them. It involves understanding what triggers cravings, challenging those triggers, and developing coping strategies.

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Role-Playing

A type of role-playing that involves taking on the perspective of another person to increase understanding and empathy. It is often used in therapy to help clients explore different viewpoints and develop communication skills.

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Rational non-adherence

The deliberate decision not to follow medical advice, often based on a logical cost-benefit analysis.

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Learned helplessness

A pattern of learned helplessness develops when individuals experience repeated failures in controlling situations and ultimately cease trying to change their circumstances, leading to a decline in motivation and adherence to treatment.

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Significant others

The influence of significant others (family, friends) on a person's adherence to treatment, both practically (reminders, support) and emotionally (mood, rewards).

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Stress and adherence

Stress can negatively impact medication and lifestyle adherence, especially in the short-term, potentially due to disruptions in attention, memory, and decision-making processes.

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Health professionals

The influence of health professionals on adherence to treatment, including aspects like access to information, expertise and emotional support (trust, communication).

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Anxiety and attention

The tendency to focus on specific words or concepts (like 'cancer') while neglecting other vital information during communication.

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Reasons for non-adherence

Non-adherence to treatment can be influenced by various factors such as stress, financial barriers, side effects, and negative relationships with healthcare professionals.

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Non-adherence

Not following prescribed medical advice, despite being informed on how to do so.

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Health education & promotion

The process of making medical advice more relevant and understandable to individual clients, taking into account their specific needs and capabilities.

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Improving access to information

The availability and accessibility of medical information in various formats to suit individual client preferences and needs.

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Reducing perceived threats

Reducing a client's perception of potential harm from medical advice, by addressing their concerns and providing reassurance.

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Increasing client's perception of threat

Enhancing a client's belief that they are vulnerable to illness and the benefits of adhering to medical advice outweigh the risks.

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Stress management

Managing stress through various techniques, as it can increase motivation to adhere to health advice.

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Provision of incentives

Providing tangible rewards or incentives to encourage positive health behaviors, such as quitting smoking or exercising.

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Persuasive health reminders

Using persuasive reminders and encouragement to motivate healthy behaviors, such as text messages or appointment reminders.

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Study Notes

Health and Illness

  • Health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. A biomedical view focuses on physical factors while a biopsychosocial view considers biological, psychological, and social interactions.

Stress

  • Stress is an emotional and physical response to threats. Stressors include physical factors (e.g., temperature, noise) and psychological factors (e.g., life events, daily hassles).
  • The stress response involves physiological symptoms (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating) and psychological experiences.
  • Perceived ability to cope influences how people respond to stressors.

Addiction

  • Addiction is a complex psychological disorder characterized by pleasurable behaviors despite harmful consequences.
  • It can be categorized as physiological (e.g., cocaine, caffeine) or behavioral (e.g., gambling, gaming).
  • Key characteristics include withdrawal, tolerance, and relapse.

Biological Influences on Health and Illness

  • Genetic predisposition increases the likelihood of certain illnesses, but illnesses are not directly inherited. Genes interact with environmental factors.
  • Genetic factors influence the risk of physical illnesses (e.g., obesity).
  • Genetic factors also influence the risk of psychological disorders.

Role of Neurotransmitters

  • Imbalances in neurotransmitters (chemicals that communicate between neurons) can affect behavior.
  • Levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence physical and mental health.
  • Exercise, for example, can increase serotonin levels, improving sleep and alertness.

Positive Reinforcement

  • Pleasure from brain chemicals during activities like exercise can reinforce behavior, leading to repetition.
  • Reinforcing unhealthy activities can also be driven by pleasure.
  • Cues can trigger feelings associated with pleasure, regardless of the behavior.

Social Learning

  • Modeling behavior is an important approach for promoting health behaviors in children.
  • Parents and other caregivers serve as important role models regarding health behaviors.
  • Peers can model and influence behaviors, which establishes group norms regarding health practices.

Cognitive Approach

  • Health-related decisions are sometimes made to relieve stress, anxiety, or boredom.
  • There can be short-term benefits in some unhealthy behaviors, with long-term health consequences.
  • Cognitive dissonance is discomfort when choosing between two options (e.g., knowing smoking is unhealthy and smoking for pleasure), potentially leading to behavior change or belief change.

Health Belief Model

  • This model explains the reasons why people engage in healthy behaviors.
  • Key concepts include perceived seriousness, susceptibility, cost-benefit analysis, and cues to action.
  • The model suggests that perceived benefits, barriers, and modifying factors influence health behavior.

Locus of Control Theory

  • People differ in their beliefs about the source of control in their lives, which influences health behaviors.
  • Individuals high in internal locus of control believe they exert control, while those high in external locus of control attribute events to external factors.
  • Internal locus of control is linked to better health outcomes and stress management.

Theory of Planned Behavior

  • This model describes how people control voluntary behaviors.
  • The central concept is intention, influenced by personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
  • Higher perceived behavioral control is linked with stronger intentions and more successful behavioral change.

Self-Efficacy Theory

  • Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their capacity to successfully perform a task, critical for behavioral change.
  • Sources of self-efficacy include mastery experiences, vicarious reinforcement, social persuasion, and emotional states.
  • Higher self-efficacy tends to correlate with improved behavioral outcomes.

Transtheoretical Model

  • A model describing behavior change as a series of stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance).
  • Interventions need to be tailored to the stage of change.
  • The cycle of change can include relapse, seen as a natural part of the process and not a failure.

Theories of Persuasion

  • Persuasion involves factors like the credibility, attractiveness, and persuasive nature of messages, as well as the characteristics of the audience.

Mindfulness

  • Mindfulness involves present moment awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings as a way to manage stress and addiction.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

  • Helps clients challenge irrational thoughts and develop coping mechanisms for stress and addiction.
  • CBT encourages healthier responses to stress and situations.

Social Support

  • A broad concept covering instrumental support (e.g., practical help, information), emotional support (e.g., empathy, concern), and esteem support (e.g., encouragement).
  • The presence of a strong social network with adequate support can improve health outcomes.

Biofeedback

  • A technique used to alter physiological processes, where clients learn to monitor and improve functions such as heart rate, muscle tension, and other bodily responses.

Skills Training

  • A technique where people enhance behavioral change through learning skills (e.g., assertiveness, anger management, social skills), increasing self-efficacy.

Physiological Treatments

  • NRT systems (nicotine replacement therapy) help reduce the discomfort of nicotine withdrawal.
  • Medications, like Disulfiram (Antabuse) for alcohol aversion, aims to create a deterrent against the use of substances.

Maintenance of Behavioral Change

  • Stress, chaotic lifestyle, and other factors can disrupt adherence to health regimens.
  • Rational non-adherence involves clients' logical decision not to follow treatments due to cost, side-effects or poor doctor-patient communication.
  • Learned helplessness describes a state where clients perceive actions as futile and lose the motivation to change behavior, linked with lower adherence.

Non-Adherence to Treatments

  • Factors such as inadequate support, lack of information, and conflicts affecting relationships can contribute to non-adherence.
  • Health professionals can actively engage with clients to manage concerns and ensure their needs are met.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of health, stress, and addiction, highlighting the differences between biomedical and biopsychosocial perspectives. It delves into the nature of stress responses and addiction characteristics, providing a comprehensive understanding of these intertwined topics. Test your knowledge on how these elements affect individuals' well-being.

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