Health Sciences HSF1000: Cell Membrane Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of solution should be administered to treat extreme dehydration by encouraging fluid movement into cells?

  • Colloidal solution
  • Hypertonic solution
  • Hypotonic solution (correct)
  • Isotonic solution
  • Which of the following statements about isotonic solutions is true?

  • Isotonic solutions are primarily for rehydration. (correct)
  • Isotonic solutions cause edema.
  • Isotonic solutions move fluid out of cells.
  • Isotonic solutions contain no free water.
  • What condition contraindicates the use of hypertonic solutions?

  • Severe dehydration
  • Kidney or heart disease (correct)
  • Cellular edema
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • What is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones called?

    <p>Catabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is primarily stored in the chemical bonds of nutrients?

    <p>Chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane's selective permeability?

    <p>To control the movement of substances into and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure contributes to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Flexible arrangement of lipids and proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of proteins are primarily responsible for transporting molecules across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Carrier proteins and channel proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the difference in charge across the membrane affect cellular functions?

    <p>It generates membrane potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the lipid bilayer makes it a barrier to most water-soluble substances?

    <p>Its hydrophobic nature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the permeability of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Temperature of the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of membrane protein extends deeply into the plasma membrane and may cross it?

    <p>Integral proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer without the need for transport proteins?

    <p>Gases and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport mechanism requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force for passive transport by diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport mechanism requires integral membrane proteins for water-soluble substances?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when molecules move from an area of low concentration to high concentration using energy?

    <p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During facilitated diffusion, how do molecules cross the plasma membrane?

    <p>By binding to a specific transporter and then being released (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules typically requires aquaporins to cross the cell membrane?

    <p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of diffusion in a solution?

    <p>Molecules evenly distribute throughout the solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Requires ATP to function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the osmolarity of a normal cell's intracellular fluid under normal conditions?

    <p>290 mOsmol/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell takes in water and can swell or burst. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an isotonic solution in relation to a cell?

    <p>The solution has the same osmolarity as the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a hypertonic solution have on a cell?

    <p>The cell loses water and shrinks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of body fluids?

    <p>They have many dissolved solutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a cell is placed in a solution with lower osmolarity?

    <p>The cell gains water and may burst. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tonicity best defined?

    <p>A measure of a solution's effect on cell water content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the movement of water in an isotonic solution?

    <p>There is no net movement of water since concentrations are equal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration?

    <p>They collect and transport electrons to the electron transport chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To synthesise ATP by using the flow of protons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Water is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do fatty acids undergo to enter the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Beta oxidation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the proton gradient is true?

    <p>It serves as a source of energy for ATP synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>ATP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amino acids is correct?

    <p>They can be converted into intermediate compounds of carbohydrate metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net production of ATP molecules during glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular respiration produces acetyl CoA?

    <p>Acetyl CoA formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are produced for each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis?

    <p>4 CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, what happens to the pyruvate if oxygen is not available?

    <p>Converted to lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the oxidation stage of glycolysis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times does the citric acid cycle turn for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?

    <p>Twice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product of the citric acid cycle is formed alongside the ATP and has a reducing power?

    <p>FADH2 (A), NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diploma of Health Sciences - Human Structure and Function (HSF1000)

    • This course covers human structure and function, specifically focusing on how the body fuels itself at a molecular level.

    • Important concepts include cell membranes, transport across membranes, diffusion, osmosis, and cellular respiration.

    Cell Membrane

    • Boundary of Cell: Encloses and supports cell contents, separating intracellular from extracellular materials.
    • Material Attachment: Connects cells to each other and the surrounding matrix.
    • Cell Communication: Allows cells to communicate with their environment.
    • Selective Permeability: Determines what can move into and out of the cell, controlling the intra-and extracellular environment.
    • Membrane Potential: Difference in charge across the membrane (more positive ions on the outside, more positive ions inside the cell).
    • Fluid Mosaic Model: Appearance of the membrane. It is flexible and not rigid or static.
    • Composition: Primarily composed of lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins (integral and peripheral), and carbohydrates. (only on outer surface)
    • Lipid Bilayer: A core structure—Phospholipids and cholesterol, a highly impermeable barrier to most "charged," "non-lipid soluble," and "water" soluble substances. Integral proteins act as channels, pores, or carriers to help these substances cross.

    Transport Across the Membrane

    • Passive Transport: Does not require cellular energy (ATP).
      • Simple Diffusion: Through the lipid bilayer, for lipid-soluble substances.
      • Channel-mediated Diffusion: Through ion channels, for water-soluble substances.
      • Carrier-mediated Diffusion: Through carrier proteins, for water-soluble substances.
    • Active Transport: Requires cellular energy (ATP).
      • Ions (like sodium and potassium) moved against their concentration gradient.
    • Types of Transport Proteins:
      • Channel Proteins: Form channels through the plasma membrane, specific to certain molecules
        • Leak channels: always open.
        • Gated channels: opened/closed by stimuli (ligand, voltage).
      • Carrier Proteins: Integral proteins with specific binding sites, change shape to transport molecules (uniporters—one ion/molecule, symporters—two ions/molecules in the same direction, antiporters—two ions/molecules in opposite directions).

    Diffusion & Osmosis

    • Diffusion: The passive movement of molecules (or ions or other solutes) down a concentration gradient (from an area of high concentration to low).
    • Osmosis: The passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. It's driven by differences in solute concentration.
    • Solute: Dissolved substances in a solution (ions, glucose, etcetera).
    • Solvent: The liquid that dissolves the solute (water).
    • Solution: The mixture of solute and solvent.

    Tonicity of Solutions

    • Isotonic Solution: The solution has the same concentration of dissolved solutes as inside the cell. Water moves equally in both directions, maintaining cell shape.
    • Hypertonic Solution: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink (crenate).
    • Hypotonic Solution: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell. Water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst.

    Cellular Respiration

    • The process that breaks down chemical bonds in food to produce energy stored as ATP.
    • 1 glucose + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36-38 ATP
    • Stages of Respiration:
      • Glycolysis: Occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic (no oxygen required), breaks down glucose to pyruvate, produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
      • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Occurs in mitochondrial matrix; aerobic (requires oxygen); converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA generating 2 NADH, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 per glucose.
      • Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation): Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane; aerobic; produces 32 - 34 ATP, oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
    • Alternate Energy Sources:
      • Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form Acetyl CoA to generate more energy.
      • Amino acids can be converted into intermediate compounds for further digestion.

    Additional Key Terms

    • ATP: Adenosine triphosphate—stores and releases energy needed by cells, produced via cellular respiration.
    • ADP: Adenosine diphosphate—a lower energy form of ATP
    • NADH/FADH2: Electron carriers that shuttle high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
    • Phosphorylation: Process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, in this case glucose, which increases its energy level and makes it more reactive.
    • Concentration Gradient: Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas, this difference drives the movement of the substance.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the human cell membrane and its functions in this quiz for the Diploma of Health Sciences course. Explore key concepts such as selective permeability, cell communication, and the fluid mosaic model. Perfect for those studying human structure and function at a molecular level.

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