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Questions and Answers
What type of solution should be administered to treat extreme dehydration by encouraging fluid movement into cells?
What type of solution should be administered to treat extreme dehydration by encouraging fluid movement into cells?
Which of the following statements about isotonic solutions is true?
Which of the following statements about isotonic solutions is true?
What condition contraindicates the use of hypertonic solutions?
What condition contraindicates the use of hypertonic solutions?
What is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones called?
What is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones called?
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What type of energy is primarily stored in the chemical bonds of nutrients?
What type of energy is primarily stored in the chemical bonds of nutrients?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane's selective permeability?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane's selective permeability?
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What structure contributes to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
What structure contributes to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
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Which types of proteins are primarily responsible for transporting molecules across the plasma membrane?
Which types of proteins are primarily responsible for transporting molecules across the plasma membrane?
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How does the difference in charge across the membrane affect cellular functions?
How does the difference in charge across the membrane affect cellular functions?
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What characteristic of the lipid bilayer makes it a barrier to most water-soluble substances?
What characteristic of the lipid bilayer makes it a barrier to most water-soluble substances?
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Which factor does NOT affect the permeability of the plasma membrane?
Which factor does NOT affect the permeability of the plasma membrane?
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What type of membrane protein extends deeply into the plasma membrane and may cross it?
What type of membrane protein extends deeply into the plasma membrane and may cross it?
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What type of molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer without the need for transport proteins?
What type of molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer without the need for transport proteins?
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What type of transport mechanism requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?
What type of transport mechanism requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?
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What is the main driving force for passive transport by diffusion?
What is the main driving force for passive transport by diffusion?
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Which transport mechanism requires integral membrane proteins for water-soluble substances?
Which transport mechanism requires integral membrane proteins for water-soluble substances?
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What is the process called when molecules move from an area of low concentration to high concentration using energy?
What is the process called when molecules move from an area of low concentration to high concentration using energy?
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During facilitated diffusion, how do molecules cross the plasma membrane?
During facilitated diffusion, how do molecules cross the plasma membrane?
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What type of molecules typically requires aquaporins to cross the cell membrane?
What type of molecules typically requires aquaporins to cross the cell membrane?
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What is the end result of diffusion in a solution?
What is the end result of diffusion in a solution?
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Which of the following does NOT describe facilitated diffusion?
Which of the following does NOT describe facilitated diffusion?
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What is the osmolarity of a normal cell's intracellular fluid under normal conditions?
What is the osmolarity of a normal cell's intracellular fluid under normal conditions?
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What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
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What defines an isotonic solution in relation to a cell?
What defines an isotonic solution in relation to a cell?
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What effect does a hypertonic solution have on a cell?
What effect does a hypertonic solution have on a cell?
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What is a primary characteristic of body fluids?
What is a primary characteristic of body fluids?
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What occurs when a cell is placed in a solution with lower osmolarity?
What occurs when a cell is placed in a solution with lower osmolarity?
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How is tonicity best defined?
How is tonicity best defined?
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Which statement best describes the movement of water in an isotonic solution?
Which statement best describes the movement of water in an isotonic solution?
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What role do electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration?
What role do electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration?
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What is the function of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the function of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?
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Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of oxidative phosphorylation?
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What process do fatty acids undergo to enter the citric acid cycle?
What process do fatty acids undergo to enter the citric acid cycle?
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Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
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Which of the following statements about the proton gradient is true?
Which of the following statements about the proton gradient is true?
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What is produced during the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
What is produced during the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
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Which of the following statements about amino acids is correct?
Which of the following statements about amino acids is correct?
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What is the net production of ATP molecules during glycolysis?
What is the net production of ATP molecules during glycolysis?
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Which stage of cellular respiration produces acetyl CoA?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces acetyl CoA?
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During the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are produced for each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis?
During the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are produced for each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis?
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In glycolysis, what happens to the pyruvate if oxygen is not available?
In glycolysis, what happens to the pyruvate if oxygen is not available?
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What is produced during the oxidation stage of glycolysis?
What is produced during the oxidation stage of glycolysis?
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How many times does the citric acid cycle turn for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?
How many times does the citric acid cycle turn for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?
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Which product of the citric acid cycle is formed alongside the ATP and has a reducing power?
Which product of the citric acid cycle is formed alongside the ATP and has a reducing power?
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What is the primary location of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary location of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell?
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Study Notes
Diploma of Health Sciences - Human Structure and Function (HSF1000)
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This course covers human structure and function, specifically focusing on how the body fuels itself at a molecular level.
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Important concepts include cell membranes, transport across membranes, diffusion, osmosis, and cellular respiration.
Cell Membrane
- Boundary of Cell: Encloses and supports cell contents, separating intracellular from extracellular materials.
- Material Attachment: Connects cells to each other and the surrounding matrix.
- Cell Communication: Allows cells to communicate with their environment.
- Selective Permeability: Determines what can move into and out of the cell, controlling the intra-and extracellular environment.
- Membrane Potential: Difference in charge across the membrane (more positive ions on the outside, more positive ions inside the cell).
- Fluid Mosaic Model: Appearance of the membrane. It is flexible and not rigid or static.
- Composition: Primarily composed of lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins (integral and peripheral), and carbohydrates. (only on outer surface)
- Lipid Bilayer: A core structure—Phospholipids and cholesterol, a highly impermeable barrier to most "charged," "non-lipid soluble," and "water" soluble substances. Integral proteins act as channels, pores, or carriers to help these substances cross.
Transport Across the Membrane
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Passive Transport: Does not require cellular energy (ATP).
- Simple Diffusion: Through the lipid bilayer, for lipid-soluble substances.
- Channel-mediated Diffusion: Through ion channels, for water-soluble substances.
- Carrier-mediated Diffusion: Through carrier proteins, for water-soluble substances.
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Active Transport: Requires cellular energy (ATP).
- Ions (like sodium and potassium) moved against their concentration gradient.
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Types of Transport Proteins:
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Channel Proteins: Form channels through the plasma membrane, specific to certain molecules
- Leak channels: always open.
- Gated channels: opened/closed by stimuli (ligand, voltage).
- Carrier Proteins: Integral proteins with specific binding sites, change shape to transport molecules (uniporters—one ion/molecule, symporters—two ions/molecules in the same direction, antiporters—two ions/molecules in opposite directions).
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Channel Proteins: Form channels through the plasma membrane, specific to certain molecules
Diffusion & Osmosis
- Diffusion: The passive movement of molecules (or ions or other solutes) down a concentration gradient (from an area of high concentration to low).
- Osmosis: The passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. It's driven by differences in solute concentration.
- Solute: Dissolved substances in a solution (ions, glucose, etcetera).
- Solvent: The liquid that dissolves the solute (water).
- Solution: The mixture of solute and solvent.
Tonicity of Solutions
- Isotonic Solution: The solution has the same concentration of dissolved solutes as inside the cell. Water moves equally in both directions, maintaining cell shape.
- Hypertonic Solution: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink (crenate).
- Hypotonic Solution: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell. Water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst.
Cellular Respiration
- The process that breaks down chemical bonds in food to produce energy stored as ATP.
- 1 glucose + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36-38 ATP
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Stages of Respiration:
- Glycolysis: Occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic (no oxygen required), breaks down glucose to pyruvate, produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Occurs in mitochondrial matrix; aerobic (requires oxygen); converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA generating 2 NADH, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 per glucose.
- Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation): Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane; aerobic; produces 32 - 34 ATP, oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
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Alternate Energy Sources:
- Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form Acetyl CoA to generate more energy.
- Amino acids can be converted into intermediate compounds for further digestion.
Additional Key Terms
- ATP: Adenosine triphosphate—stores and releases energy needed by cells, produced via cellular respiration.
- ADP: Adenosine diphosphate—a lower energy form of ATP
- NADH/FADH2: Electron carriers that shuttle high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
- Phosphorylation: Process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, in this case glucose, which increases its energy level and makes it more reactive.
- Concentration Gradient: Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas, this difference drives the movement of the substance.
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Description
Test your understanding of the human cell membrane and its functions in this quiz for the Diploma of Health Sciences course. Explore key concepts such as selective permeability, cell communication, and the fluid mosaic model. Perfect for those studying human structure and function at a molecular level.