Biology Chapter 4 Quiz

Terms

• Active site (enzyme): A depression on a globular protein where the substrate binds.
• Active transport: Movement against the concentration gradient, needing energy. Specific molecules are required.
• ATP: Energy for cellular functions.
• Benedict's solution: Tests for reducing sugars.
• Coenzyme: Non-protein, organic molecules with co-factor-like functions.
• Cofactor: Inorganic ions that increase enzyme-substrate binding.
• Condensation (dehydration): Forming a larger molecule from two smaller ones by releasing water.
• Coupled channel: Uses an active transport gradient to move other molecules passively.
• Diffusion: Random movement of molecules following a concentration gradient.
• Electronegativity: An atom's ability to attract electrons.
• Endocytosis: Moving large molecules into a cell, requiring energy.
• Enzyme: Globular protein that reduces activation energy for reactions.
• Enzyme saturation: Point where increasing enzyme concentration has no effect on reaction rate. Increasing substrate concentration can overcome this.
• Essential amino acids: 8 amino acids that the body cannot produce.
• Exocytosis: Moving large molecules out of a cell, requiring energy.
• Facilitated diffusion: Diffusion using integral proteins, with specificity for molecules.
• Feedback inhibition: A later-formed product inhibits the original product's production.
• Glycolipids: Carbohydrates on the cell membrane, attached to phospholipids, acting as cell markers.
• Glycoproteins: Chains of carbohydrates attached to transmembrane proteins for cell recognition, communication, and tissue formation, acting as receptors.
• Hydrogenation: Adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, forming trans fats, a food preservation method.
• Hydrolysis: Using water to break a large molecule into smaller ones.
• Isomer: Same chemical formula, different arrangement of atoms.
• Lateral diffusion (phospholipid bilayer): Phospholipids and proteins moving sideways.
• Osmosis: Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
• Peripheral proteins: Proteins on the surface of the lipid bilayer.
• Phagocytosis: Cell "eating"; engulfing particles, bacteria, or viruses in a vesicle.

SBI4U FINAL EXAM PREP - UNIT 1: BIOCHEMISTRY

• Proteins: Structurally diverse. Primary structure is a linear sequence of amino acids. Secondary structures (α-helixes and β-sheets) are from hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure is a 3D folding. Quaternary structure is multiple tertiary structures.
• Organic Molecules: Summarized as polymers with their monomers and functions.
• Cell Organelles: Descriptions and locations.

UNIT 2: MOLECULAR GENETICS

• Antiparallel: DNA strands are parallel but run in opposite directions.
• Blunt ends: DNA fragments with no overhangs.
• Conservative Model: Complete DNA replication creates a new double helix.
• Dispersive: DNA parental strand is fragmented into new fragments
• DNA Gyrase: Relaxes the tension of the double helix ahead of replication.
• DNA Helicase: Unwinds the DNA ahead of replication.
• DNA Ligase: Splices Okazaki fragments.
• DNA Polymerase I: Replaces RNA primers with DNA.
• DNA Polymerase III: Synthesizes the DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
• Exons: Coding regions of DNA.
• Frameshift mutation: Insertion (or deletion) of base(s).
• Gel electrophoresis: Separates DNA fragments by size and charge.
• Hydrogen bond: Weak bond between complementary bases in DNA, which holds the structure together.
• Initiator proteins: Recognize replication origin and creates replication bubble.
• Introns: Non-coding regions of DNA.
• Methylases: Enzymes that add a methyl group to DNA.
• Mis-sense mutation: Changes a codon to for a different amino acid.
• N-glycosidic bond: Bond between sugar and base in DNA/RNA.
• Non-sense mutation: Changes a codon to a stop codon.
• Nucleotide: The building block for DNA and RNA, composed of a phosphate, sugar, and base.
• Okazaki fragments: Short fragments of newly synthesized DNA.
• PCR: Used to amplify DNA using a thermal cycler.
• Phosphodiester bond: Bond between the phosphate and sugar in DNA/RNA.
• Purines: Double-ringed nitrogen bases (Adenine, Guanine).
• Pyrimidines: Single-ringed nitrogen bases (Thymine, cytosine, uracil).
• Recombinant DNA: DNA formed from combining parts of different sources.
• Replication fork: Region where DNA is unwound
• Replication origin: Specific place where DNA replication begins
• Restriction endonuclease: Enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.
• RNA primase: Adds a primer for DNA polymerase III to start replication.
• Semi-conservative model: Double helix is composed of one parental and one new strand
• Silent mutation: Changes a codon but doesn't change the amino acid.
• SSBs: Prevent hydrogen bonds from reforming during DNA replication
• Sticky Ends: Overhangs in DNA fragments which are useful in recombinant DNA techniques
• Substitution mutation: One base is substituted for another.

UNIT 3: METABOLIC PROCESSES

• Anaerobic respiration: Similar to aerobic respiration, utilizing an inorganic molecule as a final electron acceptor, instead of oxygen.
• ATP synthase: Uses a proton gradient to create ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
• Chlorophyll: The pigment in chloroplasts, made up of a porphyrin ring and a hydrocarbon tail. Contains magnesium.
• Electrochemical gradient: A gradient of ions formed between the matrix and intermembrane space, used in ATP production.
• Facultative anaerobe: Can grow with or without oxygen.
• Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle: Moves NADH from glycolysis to the matrix in incomplete cellular respiration.
• Malate-Aspartate Shuttle: Moves NADH from glycolysis to the matrix in complete cellular respiration.
• Obligate anaerobe: Requires the absense of oxygen to grow.
• Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP production using energy from the ETC/proton gradient.
• Photorespiration: Uses oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, reducing ATP and sugar production. Occurs in hot weather.
• Rubisco: Enzyme used to catalyze the initial steps of carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Has a higher affinity for oxygen than CO2.
• Substrate-level phosphorylation: Forming ATP directly by transferring a phosphate from a substrate to ADP.

UNIT 4: HOMEOSTASIS

• Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction.
• Acetylcholinesterase: Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.
• ADH: Hormone that controls kidney water reabsorption.
• Antagonistic hormones: Hormones with opposing effects.
• Astrocytes: Support cells in the central nervous system.
• Autonomic nervous system: Controls automatic bodily functions
• Broca's Area: Part of the cerebral cortex involved in speech.
• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
• Cerebellum: Part of the brain that controls posture and balance.
• Cerebral cortex: Outer layer of the cerebrum.
• Cerebrospinal fluid: Fluid that cushions and protects the spinal cord.
• Cerebrum: The major part of the brain
• Control Centre/Integrator: Integrates signals from various parts of the body
• Corpus callosum: Connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
• Diuretic: Substance that enhances urine production.
• Effector: Structure that carries out a reaction to re-establish balance
• Frontal lobe: Associated with intellectual activity
• Glial cells: Provide support and nutrition to neurons
• Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions.
• Hypersecretion: Overproduction of a hormones.
• Hyposecretion: Underproduction of a hormone
• Limbic system: Controls deep-seated emotions
• Medulla Oblongata: Regulates autonomic functions, like breathing.
• Microglia: Specialized immune cells in the CNS.
• Midbrain: Relay center for sensory information.
• Negative feedback: Mechanism to maintain a stable internal condition.
• Nephron: The functional unit of the kidney
• Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a nerve and a muscle
• Occipital lobe: Associated with vision
• Olfactory lobe: Associated with smell
• Oligodendrocytes: Cells that form myelin sheath in the CNS.
• Parietal lobe: Associated with touch and spatial awareness
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to the rest of the body
• Pons: Relay center between the cerebellum and cerebrum
• Positive feedback: Feedback amplifies initial change
• Prefrontal cortex: Associated with higher mental activities
• Receptor: Structure that senses a change in the environment
• Refractory period: Time after a neuronal signaling when another stimulus cannot cause a response.
• Reticular formation: Part of the brainstem.
• Satellite cells: Support cells in the PNS.
• Schwann cells: Form myelin sheath in the PNS.
• Synaptic cleft: Gap between two neurons.
• Temporal lobe: Associated with hearing, understanding language
• Thalamus: Sensory Relay center
• Wernicke's Area: Important for speech comprehesion.

UNIT 5: POPULATION DYNAMICS

• Allee effect: A phenomenon where population growth rates decrease as population density falls below a certain level.
• Carnivory: Act of eating animals.
• Closed Population: No movement of individuals in or out of the population
• Coevolution: Two or more species reciprocally influencing their evolution through interacting processes.
• Emigration: Movement of individuals out of a population
• Exploitative competition: Competition over limited resources by consuming them to reduce availability to other competitors
• Exponential model: Population numbers increase rapidly, without limitation.
• Fecundity: Potential reproductive capacity of an organism
• Fertility: Actual reproductive output
• Herbivory: Act of eating plants.
• Immigration: Movement of individuals into a population
• Interference competition: Competition where one species directly inhibits the access of another competitor to a resource
• Interspecific competition: Competition occurring between members of different species.
• Intraspecific competition: Competition occurring between members of the same species
• Logistic model: Population growth that has a carrying capacity.
• Mark-Recapture method: Method of estimating population size using captured, tagged, and released animals
• Mortality: Death rate within a population
• Natality: Birth rate within a population
• Open population: Individuals can move into and out of a population
• Quadrat method: Method of estimating population density by placing quadrats in a habitat
• Resource partitioning: Different species partition shared resources to avoid direct competition

Test your knowledge on cellular structures and functions with this quiz focused on Chapter 4 of Biology. Assess your understanding of protein structures, enzyme regulations, and molecular biology concepts. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their grasp of key topics in cellular biology.