Health Psychology 2 - January 2024

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Questions and Answers

What effect does food intake have on the homeostasis mechanism in the hypothalamus?

It influences the brainstem and hypothalamus. (correct)

It decreases the interaction between humoral and neural mechanisms.

It has no significant impact on gut health.

It exclusively activates neural processes.

What is associated with chronic stress in children regarding medication?

No change in reactivity of beta-2-adrenergic receptors.

Increase in beta-2-adrenergic receptor responsiveness.

Increase in activity of corticoid receptors.

Decrease activity in corticoid and beta-2-adrenergic receptors. (correct)

Which factor has a positive effect on high survival rates in HIV patients?

Increased physical activity levels.

Low positive affect.

High positive affect. (correct)

High negative affect.

What is the relationship between presence of someone else and dyspnea?

More symptom-specific perception and less neural filtering. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is found in sweat glands?

Acetylcholine. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations is correct for the primary stress hormones?

cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical activity and the hippocampus according to Firth et al's experiment?

Dominant link to the hippocampus involving age-related attenuation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions are associated with perseverative cognitions?

Higher heart rate, higher cortisol, higher blood pressure and lower HRV (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of acute stress in laboratory studies?

Parasympathetic route and change in ventilation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism describes the gut-brain axis?

Bidirectional interaction of afferent & efferent systems with humoral and neural components (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do cytokine transporters primarily derive their pathway to reach the brain?

Through the vagus nerve from cardiovascular organs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the setpoint for happiness as indicated by determinants of happiness?

50% setpoint; 40% intentional activity; 10% circumstances (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relay station of afferent and efferent nerves is correct?

Ganglia serve as a relay station for these nerves (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does social stress have on asthmatic patients' FeNO and cortisol levels?

They increase and show more activity in MCC. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the perception of dyspnea in asthma patients differ from that of healthy controls?

Some asthma patients show higher and some lower activity compared to controls. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol at target tissues?

It enhances catecholamines synthesis at adrenal medulla and neurons. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of sedentary behavior related to inflammatory markers?

It increases inflammation markers and cannot be offset by physical activity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does physical activity have on anxiety and depression in asthma patients?

It decreases anxiety and depression, but does not change quality of life. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was observed in rodents subjected to social defeat?

It caused an immune response and increased macrophages in the BNST. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the role of the amygdala and hippocampus is accurate?

The hippocampus inhibits the hypothalamus while the amygdala activates the hypothalamus. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely effect of psychological stressors on physical well-being?

They can create a perceived threat leading to physiological responses. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reconstructie Health Psychology 2 - January 2024

CRF-producing areas include hypothalamus, amygdala, insula, cingular cortex and/or adrenal medulla
Setpoint (50%), intentional activity (40%), and circumstances (10%) determine happiness
Higher heart rate, higher cortisol, higher blood pressure and lower HRV are associated with perseverative cognitions
Dendrites in rodents are shorter in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, or all of these areas
Physical activity impacts the brain, specifically the left hippocampus in rodents. This effect is not seen in humans
Ganglia act as a relay station for afferent and efferent nerves
Primary stress hormones include cortisol, B-endorphin, and epinephrine according to Lavello
Stress affects small intestines by potentially increasing permeability, impacting mast cells, or macrophages. The exact direction is not definitive
Blood pH regulation involves CO2 levels. Reduced CO2 leads to increased pH, higher ventilation and increased ventilatory muscles, while increased CO2 leads to lower pH.
Acute stress is potentially mediated by a change in ventilation, via a parasympathetic route.
Nocebo studies involve the ACC, PAG, PFC, or, ACC, PAG, insula or hippocampus.
Cytokine transport involves vagus nerves to reach the brain, with mechanisms involving cytokine transport
Cytokines can directly pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within 30 minutes (e.g., TNF-α)
Mechanisms include a saturable influx transporter (SIT), retrograde axonal transport, and simple diffusion through areas with incomplete BBBs such as circumventricular organs
Cytokines can damage the BBB, and increase permeability without directly entering the brain
The gut-brain axis involves bidirectional interactions of humoral and neural components.
Social stress increases FeNO and cortisol in asthmatics.
Brain activity related to perceived breathlessness can differ in asthmatic people vs. non-asthmatic controls.
Cortisol's effect on target systems may include influencing catecholamine synthesis in adrenal medulla and neurons
Sedentary behavior correlates with increased inflammation markers.
Stress directly relates to asthma symptoms by influencing inflammatory cells and muscle cells.
Active activity may reduce anxiety and depression and have no impact on quality of life (QoL) metrics
Social defeat can lead to immune changes, involving more or fewer macrophages in the BNST or amygdala.
Social and physical pain show high correlation with activity in the ACC and insula.
The perceived threat of a psychosocial stressor can be determined by possible physical threat or harm.
The parasympathetic nervous system influences pupillary constriction, bronchoconstriction, and vasodilation (widening blood vessels).
Physical activity may relate to improved interleukin production, interferon, and NK-cell production
Cytokine responses have a possible, not definitive, component in the immune response.
Amygdala and hippocampus interact regarding hypothalamic activity.
Aminergic nuclei output to the frontal-limbic and hypothalamic systems in the brain.
COVID-19, particularly involving IL-6 and TNF-α, may include neural damage in lungs and brain

Reduced Sensory Gating

Reduced neural filtering and subsequent increased afferent output are possible effects.
Acetylcholine may be a hormone in sweat glands.
Symptoms related to anxiety in COPD patients include more dyspnea and reduced gray matter in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Exertional activity correlates to gray matter reductions in the ACC.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in Health Psychology, focusing on physiological aspects related to stress and happiness. This quiz covers important brain regions, the effects of physical activity, and hormonal responses. Ideal for students preparing for the Health Psychology exam.