Health Promotion Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary focus of health promotion strategies?

  • To reinforce medical staff responsibilities
  • To develop pharmaceuticals for disease management
  • To improve hospital operation efficiency
  • To maintain or improve the health of large populations (correct)
  • What landmark report identified lifestyle as a crucial factor for health promotion?

  • Epp's framework
  • Labonte's analysis
  • WHO's policy statement
  • Lalonde's report (correct)
  • Which approach is emphasized as necessary for effective health promotion?

  • Social movements led by the public (correct)
  • Sociological strategies exclusively
  • Government edicts
  • Medical interventions primarily
  • What was one of the goals of the Public Health Agency of Canada's programs?

    <p>To promote stair usage over elevators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Epp's framework, who holds the primary responsibility for health?

    <p>Individuals and communities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What orientation characterizes the Medical level of health promotion?

    <p>Disease-based focus aimed at management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which decade did province-wide health promotion programs start to emerge in Canada?

    <p>Early 1900s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of public health promotion as identified by Epp's framework?

    <p>Behavior-based initiatives aimed at disease prevention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of socioenvironmental orientation in health promotion?

    <p>Achieve public health policy changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

    <p>Genetic predisposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is linked to health inequities in Canada?

    <p>Geographic location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Canadians in the highest income bracket rate their health as very good or excellent?

    <p>92% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health promotion mechanism encourages individuals to take responsibility for their health?

    <p>Promotion of self-care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health-related issue is associated with low-income status in Canada?

    <p>Obesity rates among teenagers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pressing age-related problem affecting Canadian children?

    <p>Childhood obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening test was introduced in British Columbia in the late 1940s for cancer detection?

    <p>Pap test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of gain-framing in health promotion messages?

    <p>Emphasizing the benefits of engaging in a health behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as a hurdle during health promotion in pandemics?

    <p>Financial constraints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Sturgis Motor rally impact COVID-19 mortality rates?

    <p>Caused 5000 deaths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of COVID fatigue during health promotion efforts?

    <p>Worries about prolonged compliance with measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is related to the effectiveness of communication during a pandemic?

    <p>Clear communication of risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does source credibility play in health promotion messages?

    <p>It influences acceptance via the central route (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge arises from confusing messages during health interventions?

    <p>It can lead to anxiety and non-compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which audience factor can affect the impact of health promotion messages?

    <p>Literacy and language barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are reflexive processes in the context of exercise habits?

    <p>Behaviors that become habits and part of our identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of one-on-one interactions in habit formation?

    <p>They help facilitate habit and identity formation more easily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health promotion programs?

    <p>Increasing awareness of health problems and behavior change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do health promotion programs attempt to modify people's attitudes?

    <p>By influencing beliefs about low-fat diets and health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Elaboration Likelihood Model highlight regarding persuasion?

    <p>Central and peripheral routes influence attitudes through different mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between beliefs and attitudes?

    <p>Beliefs pertain to perceived truths; attitudes involve evaluations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the aim of health advertising within health promotion?

    <p>To persuade individuals that certain diets are beneficial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do health promotion programs have on individuals in the pre-contemplative stage?

    <p>They encourage contemplation of their behavior and problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the 'precede' phases of the Precede-Proceed Model primarily focus on?

    <p>Planning health promotion programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a criticism of the Precede-Proceed Model?

    <p>It emphasizes individual behavior and lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in assessing the effectiveness of health promotion programs?

    <p>Difficulty in measuring abstract concepts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of standard evaluates health promotion programs based on legal and ethical issues?

    <p>Propriety standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard is based on direct experiences of the community involved in the promotional campaign?

    <p>Experiential standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the Precede-Proceed Model encompasses evaluation?

    <p>Phase 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which standard uses data published in scientific literature for evaluation?

    <p>Scientific standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the feasibility standards for evaluating health promotion programs?

    <p>Practicality or sustainability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the peripheral route in health promotion?

    <p>Appeals to emotion and general impression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using fear appeals in health promotion?

    <p>To motivate people to control the danger presented (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered more important than simple fear arousal according to threat perception?

    <p>The belief that the threat is real and the audience is vulnerable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Extended Parallel Process Model, when might individuals avoid responding to fear appeals?

    <p>When fear arousal is perceived as too high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Health Belief Model directly influences behavior change?

    <p>Beliefs regarding vulnerability to health issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome occurs when there is a mismatch between the threat and the threat-reducing behavior?

    <p>Reduced motivation to address the threat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When health promotion campaigns feature healthy-looking individuals, which route of persuasion are they primarily using?

    <p>Peripheral route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of relying too heavily on fear appeals without addressing efficacy?

    <p>Heightened fear with no behavioral change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Health Promotion

    Strategies to improve or maintain the health of large populations.

    Lalonde's Report

    Identified lifestyle as a key factor in health, a target for promotion.

    Epp's Framework

    A framework for Canadian health promotion; individual responsibility for health.

    Labonte's Levels

    Three levels of health promotion: medical, public health, and social. Each level has different goals.

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    Medical Level

    Health promotion focused on managing disease, like recovering from a heart attack or finding a cure for cancer.

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    Public Health Level

    Health promotion that aims to prevent diseases, like promoting safe sex or anti-drinking and driving programs.

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    Social Movement

    Effective health promotion is a broad community effort, not just a government order.

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    Locus of Responsibility

    The idea that individuals and communities are primarily responsible for their own health.

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    Socioenvironmental Health Promotion

    An approach to health promotion that focuses on social change to improve public health policies. Examples include policies aimed at providing health-essential resources like school lunches.

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    Social Determinants of Health

    Factors like income, social status, social support, education, employment, gender, culture, race, and racism that directly influence health outcomes.

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    Health Inequities

    Unfair or unjust differences in health, impacting different groups based on factors like culture, geography, education, income, age, and occupation.

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    Health Promotion Goal (Government)

    Saving government money through healthcare cost savings, especially in countries like Canada where expenditures are substantial.

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    Self-Care in Health Promotion

    Encouraging individuals to prioritize their health through actions like exercise, diet, regular checkups, and disease screenings.

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    Pap Test (Pap Smear)

    A screening test for cervical cancer, that was first introduced in the late 1940s in BC, Canada.

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    Leading Causes of Death (15-25)

    Transport accidents and intentional self-harm are among the primary causes of death for Canadians between the ages of 15-25.

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    Childhood Obesity (5-17)

    Childhood obesity was a substantial issue in Canada, with 10.6% obese and another 18 % overweight (ages 5 to 17).

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    Reflexive Processes

    Behaviors that become habits or part of our identity, requiring less conscious thought.

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    Habit Formation

    The process by which a behavior becomes automatic and routine.

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    Pre-contemplative Stage

    Stage where a person isn't considering changing a behavior.

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    Contemplative Stage

    Stage where a person acknowledges a problem and considers changing a behavior.

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    Persuasion

    Attempt to change people's attitudes and beliefs.

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    Attitude

    A cognition in which a person evaluates a target, using adjectives or verbs like "good," "bad," "like," or "dislike".

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    Belief

    Something considered true, not evaluative.

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    Central Route to Persuasion

    Persuasion that relies on logic, reason, and facts to change attitudes

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    Gain-Framing

    Emphasizing the positive outcomes of engaging in a health behavior.

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    Loss-Framing

    Highlighting the negative consequences of not engaging in a health behavior.

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    Response Efficacy

    The belief that a specific action will lead to a desired outcome.

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    Self-Efficacy

    Confidence in one's ability to perform a specific behavior.

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    Self-Accountability

    Taking responsibility for one's own actions and choices.

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    Pandemic Uncertainty

    The lack of clear information and unpredictable nature of a pandemic.

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    COVID Fatigue

    The feeling of exhaustion and frustration from prolonged pandemic-related restrictions.

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    Message Clarity

    Simple, easy-to-understand communication about health behaviors.

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    Peripheral Route to Persuasion

    Persuasion relying on emotions, appearance, and general impressions rather than logic.

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    Fear Appeal

    A persuasive technique using fear to encourage behavior change or avoid risk.

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    Threat Perception

    A person's belief that a threat is real and that they are vulnerable to it.

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    Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)

    A model describing how fear appeals can lead to avoidance, fear control, or danger control.

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    Danger Control

    Responding to a fear appeal by changing behavior to reduce the threat.

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    Health Belief Model

    A theory suggesting that changing beliefs can lead to behavioral changes related to health.

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    Efficacy of Preventative Behaviors

    The likelihood that a specific action will reduce a health risk.

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    Pandemic Fatigue

    A state of exhaustion and demotivation caused by prolonged exposure to a pandemic, leading to decreased adherence to safety measures.

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    Precede-Proceed Model

    A comprehensive framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs, encompassing both preparatory and action phases.

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    Precede Phases

    The first five phases of the Precede-Proceed model, focusing on planning and assessment, such as identifying community needs and desired outcomes.

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    Proceed Phases

    The latter four phases of the Precede-Proceed model, focusing on program implementation and evaluation, such as putting plans into action and measuring their impact.

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    Assessing Health Promotion Effectiveness

    Evaluating the impact of health promotion programs to determine their success and identify areas for improvement.

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    Challenges in Assessment

    Difficulties in measuring the effectiveness of health promotion programs, often due to abstract concepts, long-term benefits, and underreporting.

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    Arbitrary Standards

    Evaluation criteria based on decisions made by external bodies, like government agencies, regarding community needs.

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    Experiential Standards

    Evaluation based on direct experiences of the community involved in the health promotion campaign.

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    Study Notes

    Health Promotion Development

    • Health promotion focuses on maintaining or improving the health of large populations.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) uses political and sociological approaches to improve global health.
    • Canada's Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) offers health promotion programs like "Stairway to Health" to encourage healthy choices.
    • Marc Lalonde's paper highlighted lifestyle as a key factor in health and well-being.
    • Effective health promotion involves a social movement, not just government directives.
    • Health promotion emphasizes individual and community responsibility rather than solely relying on medical professionals.
    • Early health promotion in Canada focused on sanitation and hospital operations.
    • The focus then shifted towards educating the public on healthy lifestyles.
    • A key development was Lalonde's report (1974) which highlighted healthy lifestyle as a target.
    • The Epp framework (1986) provides a framework for health promotion in Canada which emphasizes individual responsibility and mutual support.

    Canada's Framework for Health Promotion

    • The framework aims to achieve health for all Canadians through addressing health challenges.
    • Health challenges include reducing inequities, increasing prevention, and enhancing coping.
    • Mechanisms to address these challenges include self-care, mutual aid, and healthy environments.
    • Implementation strategies include fostering participation, strengthening community services, and coordinating healthy public policy.

    Levels of Successful Health Promotion

    • Labonte (1987) identified three levels: medical (disease management), public health (behavior-based prevention), and socioenvironmental (social change for public health policies)

    Health Challenges in Canada

    • Health inequities exist in Canada based on several factors (ethnicity, geography, culture, age, income, education).
    • Poorer health is often associated with lower income status or Aboriginal status.
    • Age-related health concerns (e.g., smoking prevalence among adolescents, increased stress levels).
    • Changing demographics (increasing older population) pose challenges for Canadian healthcare.
    • High rates of transportation accidents and intentional self-harm among younger people are significant concerns.

    Health Promotion Mechanisms

    • Promotion of self-care encourages individuals to look after their well-being.
    • Social support systems (friends, family, colleagues) positively impact health outcomes.
    • Agency-provided support fills gaps where naturally occurring support is lacking.

    Psychology & Health Promotion

    • Several psychological theories apply to health promotion.
    • The multi-process action control model integrates aspects of planning, enacting, maintaining behaviour.
    • Health belief model, theory of planned behaviour, and theory of reasoned action help understand individual beliefs and behaviours relevant to health promotion.
    • Health promotion campaigns consider persuasive techniques such as fear-arousing messaging (with a focus on efficacy) and framing (emphasizing positives or negatives), for behaviour change.

    Health Promotion Strategies

    • People are more likely to adopt healthy behaviours when they believe that those behaviours are beneficial.
    • Promotion of behaviour change based on beliefs and attitudes is effective.
    • Social determinants play a crucial role in health promotion.

    Assessing Health Promotion Program Effectiveness

    • Evaluation considers community needs, experiential aspects, historical comparisons, scientific/normative standards, and ethical considerations.
    • Co-production between health institutions, individuals, and communities supports effective health promotion.
    • The Precede-Proceed model is a framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs, consisting of 9 phases.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of health promotion, focusing on the evolution of strategies used by the WHO and Canada's Public Health Agency. It highlights key developments like Marc Lalonde's report and the shift from medical reliance to individual and community responsibility in health. Test your knowledge on the significant milestones and frameworks that shape health promotion today.

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