Health Promotion and Definitions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect does the Health Belief Model emphasize in understanding behavior?

  • Prior experience of the individual
  • Social support systems
  • Economic factors influencing health
  • Current dynamics confronting the individual (correct)

    • What is a fundamental concept in Pender’s Health Promotion Model?

  • Health status determination
  • Environmental health policies
  • Historical health trends
  • Biopsychosocial factors influencing health behaviors (correct)

    • According to the World Health Organization’s definition from 1958, health includes which of the following dimensions?

  • Physical fitness only
  • Social well-being exclusively
  • Physical, social, and mental well-being (correct)
  • Mental well-being solely

    • What does Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory primarily address?

    <p>An individual's perception of their own competencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind health promotion as defined by Parse in 1990?

    <p>To achieve optimal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of health promotion, what do benefits and barriers refer to according to Pender’s model?

    <p>Facilitators and challenges in adopting health behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health nursing?

    <p>Promotion and protection of population health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is health defined according to the World Health Organization in 1986?

    <p>Ability to satisfy needs and cope with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'self-efficacy' in health promotion theories?

    <p>Confidence in personal ability to change behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of prevention is aimed at correcting and preventing deterioration of a disease state?

    <p>Tertiary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does environmental support play in health promotion?

    <p>Enhances individual motivation to pursue health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major act in 1912 lead to the creation of Sanitary Divisions in the Philippines?

    <p>Fajardo Act (Act No. 2156)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between health promotion and disease prevention?

    <p>Health promotion encompasses disease prevention strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following years marked the beginning of school nursing in the Philippines?

    <p>1914</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who succeeded Miss Madel Dabbs as the first Filipino nurse supervisor under the Bureau of Health?

    <p>Miss Carmen del Rosario</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year were three nursing schools established leading to the growth of nursing education in the Philippines?

    <p>1923</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes secondary prevention in public health?

    <p>Early diagnosis and intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was established as a pre-requisite for appointment in public health nursing by 1928?

    <p>Pre-service training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one key function of the first Filipino nurses employed under the Bureau of Health in 1914?

    <p>Maternal and Child Health Sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did male nurses primarily serve in during the early public health nursing days in the Philippines?

    <p>Sanitary division presidents in municipalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which core public health function focuses on regular collection and analysis of health data in a community?

    <p>Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key objective of community health nursing?

    <p>To increase community capability to manage health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the Essential Public Health Services?

    <p>Distributing medications to all community members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of public health roles, which option best describes a Community Health Nurse's function related to health education?

    <p>Empowering individuals through education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily focused on linking individuals to health services?

    <p>Assurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a community health nurse play as a research epidemiologist?

    <p>Identifying the distribution and determinants of health-related states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the role of community partnerships in public health?

    <p>Mobilizing resources to address health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a public health theory lacks scope, what is its primary limitation?

    <p>It becomes ineffective for community application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which essential service focuses on the development of local health policies?

    <p>Policy development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the assurance function in public health?

    <p>Ensuring availability of health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing?

    <p>Self-care needs and activities of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Orem's theory specifies the criteria for identifying individuals who require nursing care?

    <p>Theory of self-care deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Health Belief Model in relation to individual behavior?

    <p>Addresses perceived barriers and benefits to health actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Milio’s framework for prevention, what is considered the primary focus of change?

    <p>Societal factors affecting health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the Theory of nursing systems define in Orem's framework?

    <p>The role of nursing in care delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the microscopic view in health care theories?

    <p>Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental component of Orem's assumption regarding self-care needs?

    <p>Self-care is the primary focus of nursing care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction of the 'upstream view' of health care?

    <p>Targets societal structures affecting health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Orem's theory, what does the Theory of self-care explain?

    <p>The necessity and importance of self-care for health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Critical theoretical perspective approach health care?

    <p>By challenging the existing power structures in health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary aim of nutrition services in schools?

    <p>To ensure meals are appealing yet meet nutritional demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is primarily addressed by school health services?

    <p>Protecting and promoting student health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does occupational health nursing primarily draw its framework from?

    <p>A multidisciplinary base integrating various fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does student involvement impact school health services?

    <p>It fosters a link between students and community health resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 23 of the United Nations Universal Declaration emphasize regarding employment?

    <p>The right to just and favorable working conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of health promotion for school staff?

    <p>Regular physical assessments and educational activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service is designed to improve mental, emotional, and social health in students?

    <p>School counselling and psychological services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of a health-promoting school environment?

    <p>A safe environment free of hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary focus does Milio's Framework for Prevention emphasize in understanding public health?

    <p>Economic, political, and environmental health determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) play regarding Occupational Safety and Health in the Philippines?

    <p>Leading efforts for workplace safety and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a central element of the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Perceived seriousness and susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the priorities proposed by the Critical Theoretical Perspective in health care?

    <p>They should address the specific needs of clients and populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of a safe school environment?

    <p>Allows student involvement in violent activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following health issues is identified as a challenge linked to leading causes of death?

    <p>Tobacco and alcohol use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relationship between education and health manifest, according to the provided concepts?

    <p>Good health is essential for effective learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do teachers play in student health according to the concept of School Health Nursing?

    <p>They may provide primary care for observable health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprehensive strategy does Comprehensive School Health Education aim to promote?

    <p>Helping students maintain and improve their health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inclusion of environmental health determinants in Milio’s framework provide for nurses?

    <p>Broader range of diagnosis and interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Republic Act 124 in the context of School Health Services?

    <p>It provides for medical inspection of children in schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Health Belief Model, what does self-efficacy refer to?

    <p>Belief in one's ability to take action regarding health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hazard is described as unsafe conditions or unsafe acts that increase the risk of injury to workers?

    <p>Safety hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does administrative control in occupational health primarily focus on?

    <p>Implementation of policies and standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is associated with affecting an individual's mental health according to the WHO?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of occupational hazards includes exposure to blood and body fluids?

    <p>Biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a psychosocial hazard in the workplace?

    <p>Fatigue and burnout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome of exposure to toxic substances as mentioned in the definition of mental health?

    <p>Chemical imbalance in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevention method addresses the correction of unsafe acts and conditions in the workplace?

    <p>Secondary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the WHO, how is mental health defined?

    <p>State of social well-being and contribution to community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component refers to providing workers with protective measures like masks and vitamins?

    <p>Supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of control focuses on altering the physical environment to reduce workplace hazards?

    <p>Engineering controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Republic Act 11036 in the Philippines?

    <p>To enhance the delivery of integrated mental health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the Philippine Health Care Delivery System?

    <p>Emergency response services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Department of Health's vision for the year 2040?

    <p>To make Filipinos the healthiest in Southeast Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategic goal aims at ensuring the accessibility of essential quality health services?

    <p>More responsive health system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily focused on strengthening leadership and management capacities in health systems?

    <p>Governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what capacity does the law intend to support families and co-workers of mental health service users?

    <p>Through dedicated mental health training programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these components is essential for ensuring high-quality health products, devices, and services?

    <p>Medical products, vaccines, and technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What framework does the Department of Health follow to achieve its mission of Universal Health Care?

    <p>A people-centered, equitable health system framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the training and capacity building for mental health workers play in community resilience?

    <p>It enhances the community's ability to cope with psychosocial issues post-disaster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the financing goal of the Department of Health?

    <p>To secure a sustainable investment for health resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Level 2 hospital facility?

    <p>Includes Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and respiratory therapy services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with Local Health Boards?

    <p>Directly managing hospital operations within a city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of a Level 3 hospital?

    <p>Conducting teaching and training in health-related fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Public Health from Private Health within the Philippine Health Care Delivery system?

    <p>The Public sector is composed of DOH and local government agencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the role of Local Government Units (LGUs) in health service delivery?

    <p>They implement devolved health services as mandated by the Local Government Code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of facility falls under the description of 'Custodial Care'?

    <p>A nursing home that provides long-term care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which committee member in the Local Health Board is primarily responsible for health policy matters?

    <p>A representative from the private sector or NGO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential feature of a Primary Care facility within the health classification system?

    <p>Offers basic emergency and normal delivery services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key role of the Local Health Boards in relation to health facility operations?

    <p>Advising the Sanggunian regarding health matters and budgets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health Promotion

    • Defined as a combination of health education and organizational, economic, and environmental support for individual, group, or community behavior that promotes health
    • Motivated by the desire to increase well-being and achieve optimal health potential
    • A key concept within the field of nursing science

    Definitions of Health

    • A state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (World Health Organization, 1958).
    • The extent to which an individual or group can realize aspirations and needs, and adapt to or change their environment (World Health Organization, 1986).

    Theories of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

    • Pender's Health Promotion Model: Explores biopsychosocial factors that influence individuals toward health promotion activities, considering personal benefits and barriers to action.
    • Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory: Focuses on an individual's belief in their own competence, which influences their goals and expectations. Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in motivating and guiding behavior.
    • Health Belief Model (HBM): Examines how individuals perceive health threats and risks, and how these perceptions influence their behavior. Key factors include:
      • Perceived seriousness: How severe the individual perceives the health threat to be.
      • Perceived susceptibility: How vulnerable the individual believes they are to the health threat.
      • Perceived benefits of treatment: The individual's belief in the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or manage the threat.
      • Self-efficacy: The individual's confidence in their ability to successfully engage in preventive or management behaviors.

    Three Levels of Prevention

    • Primary prevention: Aims to prevent health problems before they occur through health promotion and protection strategies.
    • Secondary prevention: Focuses on early detection and intervention to identify and address health problems in their early stages through screening and treatment.
    • Tertiary prevention: Concentrates on limiting the impact of existing health problems through rehabilitation, management, and prevention of deterioration.

    Public Health Nursing

    • ANA definition (2013): The practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations.
    • Focus: Utilizing knowledge from nursing and public health fields to improve population health outcomes.
    • Goals: Promoting health, preventing disease and disability, and ensuring health equity for all.

    Evolution of Public Health Nursing in the Philippines

    • 1912: Fajardo Act (Act No. 2156) established Sanitary Divisions, with nurses assigned to perform health tasks in the absence of physicians.
    • 1914: School Nursing introduced in Tacloban, Leyte. The Recognization Act No. 2462 created the Office of General Inspection, with Filipino nurses employed for maternal and child health services in Manila.
    • 1916-1918: Public health nursing staff expanded, with American and Filipino nurses working in provinces and cities.
    • 1919: The first Filipino nurse supervisor for the Bureau of Health was appointed.
    • 1923: Three schools of nursing were established: Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (Mindanao), Baguio General Hospital (Northern Luzon), and Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing.
    • 1926: Miss Genara S. Manongdo replaced Miss Carmen Leogardo as Public Health Nurse Supervisor.
    • 1928: The first convention of nurses was held, followed by yearly conventions. Pre-service training was implemented as a prerequisite for public health nursing appointments.
    • 1933: The division of Maternal and Child Health was transferred from the Office of Public Welfare Commission to the Bureau of Health.
    • 1947: The newly created Section of Puericulture Center of the Bureau of Hospitals was established.

    Essential Public Health Services

    • Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
    • Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
    • Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
    • Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve health problems
    • Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
    • Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
    • Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
    • Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce
    • Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
    • Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

    Core Public Health Functions

    • Assessment involves regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a community
    • Policy development utilizes information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies
    • Assurance focuses on making sure necessary health services are available throughout the community. This includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies

    Community and Public Health Nurse Roles

    • Health care provider
    • Health Educator
    • Program Implementer
    • Community Organizer
    • Manager/Leader
    • Researcher/Epidemiologist
    • Client advocate

    Objectives of Community Health Nursing

    • Increase individual, family, group, and community capability to deal with their own health and nursing problems
    • Strengthen community resources
    • Prevent and control communicable and non-communicable diseases
    • Provide specialized services
    • Conduct research and contribute to further refinement and improvement
    • Participate in preparing health personnel to function in the community for community health services
    • Supervise, guide, and help health personnel in carrying out their function effectively

    Theoretical Approaches to Community Health Nursing

    • The individual is the focus of change (microscopic)
      • Orem's self-care deficit theory of nursing
      • The Health Belief Model (HBM)
    • The Upstream view: society is the focus of change (macroscopic)
      • Milio's framework for prevention
      • Critical theoretical perspective

    Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing

    • Assumption: self-care needs and activities are the primary focus of nursing care
    • Theory of self-care deficits: criteria for identifying those who need nursing care
    • Theory of self-care: explains health care and why it is necessary
    • Theory of nursing systems: specifies the nursing role and delivery of care and how nursing helps people

    Health Belief Model (HBM)

    • Behavior is influenced by an individual's current perceptions rather than past experiences.
    • Focuses on how patients perceive their health, including:
      • Perceived seriousness of the health issue
      • Perceived susceptibility to the health issue
      • Perceived benefits of treatment
      • Self-efficacy in managing the health issue

    Milio’s Framework for Prevention

    • Complements the HBM by directing attention to the upstream factors influencing health behaviors.
    • Emphasizes the role of economic, political, and environmental determinants of health.
    • Provides nurses with a broader perspective for diagnosing and interpreting health problems.

    Critical Theoretical Perspective

    • Advocates for a health care system prioritizing disease and illness prevention.
    • Prioritizes the needs of the population over the needs of health care providers.

    School Health Nursing

    • Addresses health challenges linked to leading causes of death, such as heart disease, injuries, and cancer.
    • Focuses on addressing health behaviors that often begin in youth, including:
      • Tobacco use
      • Alcohol and drug use
      • Poor nutrition
      • Inadequate physical activity
      • Risky sexual behavior
      • Violence and suicide
      • Reckless driving
    • Recognizes the strong link between education and health.
    • Highlights the impact of poor nutrition on school enrollment, attendance, performance, and drop-out rates.
    • Teachers play a role in providing primary care services for obvious health issues.
    • Republic Act 124 (1947) mandates medical inspections in private schools with 300 or more enrollees.
    • Department of Education Order No. 43 (2011) strengthens the School Health and Nutrition Program.

    School Health Services

    • Comprehensive School Health Education (Grades K-12):
      • Aims to motivate and empower students to maintain and improve their health, prevent diseases, and reduce risky behaviors.
    • Physical Education and Activity:
      • Incorporates cognitive content and learning experiences.
      • Includes physical fitness, rhythms, dance, and aquatics.
    • Nutrition Services:
      • Provides access to nutritious and appealing meals that meet students' dietary needs.
    • School Health Services:
      • Focus on health protection and promotion.
    • School Counseling, Psychological and Social Services:
      • Aims to improve students' mental, emotional, and social health.
    • Health and Safe School Environment:
      • Ensures schools are free from hazardous materials.
    • Student, Family, and Community Involvement:
      • Encourages parental involvement in school health initiatives.
    • Health Promotion for School Staff:
      • Includes health assessments, health education, and health-related fitness activities.

    Occupational Nursing

    • Guided by Article 23 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which affirms the right to safe and healthy work.
    • The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) is the lead agency for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the Philippines.
    • Occupational Health Nursing draws its theoretical, conceptual, and factual framework from a multidisciplinary base.
    • Prioritizes safety and health as primary concerns in the workplace.

    Occupational Health Strategies

    • Occupational Health team is responsible for identifying and assessing workplace hazards to ensure employee safety and well-being.
    • Hazards are categorized as either health (causing work-related diseases) or safety (increasing the risk of injury).
    • Administrative controls involve policies, training, and job design to minimize hazard exposure.
    • Engineering controls modify the work environment through physical, chemical, or technological improvements.
    • Material provision refers to providing workers with supplies and supplements like PPE and immunizations to reduce risk.
    • Supplementation includes items like masks, eye shields, and daily vitamin doses.

    Types of Occupational Hazards

    • Biological Hazards: Blood and body fluids containing bacteria, fungi, or viruses.
    • Chemical Hazards: Solvents (causing headaches and CNS dysfunctions), lead (leading to CNS disturbances), and asbestos (causing asbestos lung disease).
    • Enviromechanical Hazards: Static or unnatural postures (leading to back injuries), and shift work (causing sleep disorders).
    • Physical Hazards: Electricity (causing electric shock), and noise (leading to hearing loss).
    • Psychosocial Hazards: Unhealthy stress (causing fatigue and burnout)

    Community Mental Health Nursing

    • The WHO defines mental health as a state of social well-being characterized by individual potential fulfillment, resilience, work productivity, and community contribution.
    • Socioeconomic factors and genetics can influence mental health.
    • Brain imbalances caused by trauma, infections, and toxic substances are linked to mental illness.
    • Abuse of women and children, violence, brain diseases, and stressful events like death of a relative can also contribute to mental illness.

    Mental Health Law

    • Republic Act 11036 establishes the National Mental Health Policy in the Philippines.
    • This law aims to improve integrated mental health services, protect patient rights, and promote psychosocial well-being.
    • Key initiatives include providing mental health services at community levels, disaster preparedness training, capacity building for mental health workers, and support for families and coworkers.

    Philippine Health Care Delivery System

    • The system consists of six essential components: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products, financing, and leadership/governance.

    Department of Health (DOH)

    • Vision: To ensure Filipinos are among the healthiest in Southeast Asia by 2022 and in Asia by 2040
    • Mission: To lead the development of a productive, resilient, equitable, and people-centered health system for Universal Health Care.
    • Strategic Goals: Better health outcomes, a more responsive health system, and more equitable healthcare financing.
      • Financing: Securing sustainable investments to improve health outcomes and ensure resource efficiency and equity.
      • Service Delivery: Enhancing accessibility of essential quality health services at appropriate levels of care.
      • Regulation: Ensuring the high quality and affordability of health products, devices, facilities, and services.
      • Governance: Strengthening leadership, management, coordination, and support mechanisms to create functional, people-centered, and participatory health systems.

    Health Facility Classification

    • Hospitals are categorized into three levels based on their capabilities and services offered.
    • Level 1 Hospitals provide basic emergency services, surgical procedures, post-operative care, isolation rooms, and more.
    • Level 2 Hospitals include all Level 1 services, along with specialized units for neonatal intensive care (NICU), high-risk pregnancies, respiratory therapy, and advanced laboratory services.
    • Level 3 Hospitals offer the services found in Level 2 hospitals, and additionally provide teaching, training, ambulatory surgical clinics, dialysis facilities, blood banks, and advanced imaging with interventional radiology services.

    Other Health Facilities

    • Primary Care Facilities, including Rural Health Units (RHUs) and Basic Health Services (BHS), provide basic emergency care and manage normal deliveries.
    • Custodial Care Facilities focus on long-term care, such as drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation, and operate as nursing homes.
    • Diagnostic and Therapeutic Facilities conduct various tests, including clinical laboratory analyses, drug testing, and water quality evaluations.
    • Specialized Outpatient Facilities offer specialized services such as dialysis treatment, ambulatory surgical procedures, cancer radiation therapy, and more.

    Philippine Health Care Delivery System

    • The Philippine healthcare system is organized through agencies, personnel, and services.
    • It is divided into public and private sectors.
    • The Public Sector comprises national organizations like the Department of Health (DOH) and local entities like RHUs and BHS, providing healthcare across the country.
    • The DOH has representatives on Local Health Boards (LHBs), tasked with overseeing health budgets and policies.
    • Local Governments are responsible for the health system under the Local Government Code (RA 7160), which mandates the devolution of basic services, including healthcare, from the national government to local governments.
    • LHBs are chaired by the Mayor and include the Municipal Health Officer (MHO), a DOH representative, and other designated officials.
    • LHBs function as advisory bodies, supporting the Sanggunian (local government council) on health matters, budgeting for healthcare infrastructure and services, and establishing committees to guide local health agencies.

    Levels of Public Health Care Delivery

    • Tertiary Level provides the most advanced care, including specialized services at national medical centers and regional hospitals.
    • Secondary Level encompasses provincial health offices, district hospitals, and provincial hospitals, offering more comprehensive services.
    • Primary Level focuses on initial healthcare needs, encompassing RHUs, health centers, and BHS.

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    Test your knowledge on health promotion concepts, definitions, and key theories in the field of nursing. This quiz covers important models like Pender's Health Promotion Model and Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory, providing insights into how to promote individual and community health effectively.

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