Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of check-up is performed by a paediatrician?
What type of check-up is performed by a paediatrician?
Which of the following Apgar scores indicates a critically low condition in newborns?
Which of the following Apgar scores indicates a critically low condition in newborns?
Which cancer screening is specifically mentioned for lung cancer?
Which cancer screening is specifically mentioned for lung cancer?
What is one of the main prevention tools identified in the context of health care?
What is one of the main prevention tools identified in the context of health care?
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What preventive measure can be performed at pharmacies?
What preventive measure can be performed at pharmacies?
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Which model of health emphasizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors?
Which model of health emphasizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors?
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What is one of the primary responsibilities for health prevention in the Czech Republic?
What is one of the primary responsibilities for health prevention in the Czech Republic?
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Which factors are NOT considered as determinants of health?
Which factors are NOT considered as determinants of health?
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What is the focus of the salutogenetic model of health?
What is the focus of the salutogenetic model of health?
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Which of the following is part of health prevention tools?
Which of the following is part of health prevention tools?
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In disease prevention, which statement about social, economic, and cultural factors is false?
In disease prevention, which statement about social, economic, and cultural factors is false?
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Which model integrates environmental factors as well as biological and psychological aspects?
Which model integrates environmental factors as well as biological and psychological aspects?
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What is the focus of primary prevention?
What is the focus of primary prevention?
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Which of the following best describes secondary prevention?
Which of the following best describes secondary prevention?
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What does tertiary prevention primarily focus on?
What does tertiary prevention primarily focus on?
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Which prevention type occurs before any symptoms appear?
Which prevention type occurs before any symptoms appear?
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What is quaternary prevention concerned with?
What is quaternary prevention concerned with?
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Which of the following methods is commonly included in screening programs?
Which of the following methods is commonly included in screening programs?
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What role does telemedicine play in preventive care?
What role does telemedicine play in preventive care?
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Which stage corresponds to 'increased risk factors without symptoms'?
Which stage corresponds to 'increased risk factors without symptoms'?
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In developed countries, what is a common preventive measure used?
In developed countries, what is a common preventive measure used?
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Which is NOT typically considered a main prevention tool?
Which is NOT typically considered a main prevention tool?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- The presentation discusses health, disease, determinants of health, disease prevention, and screening programmes.
- It asks questions about the meaning of health and illness, how to understand, measure, and evaluate them, and what can be done for health and illness.
Definitions and Models of Health
- The WHO definition of health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
- A biomedical model of health focuses on physiological processes and pathologies, defining health as the absence of physical disease or disability.
- A holistic approach to health considers body, mind, and spirit, including emotional and spiritual components as aspects of health.
- The biopsychosocial model of health, and bio-psycho-socio-environmental model of health, emphasises the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.
WHO Definition of Health (1948)
- Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or defect.
- The WHO is now also focusing on functional health and well-being, and capacity to adapt and cope with challenges.
- This definition emphasises a holistic and positive view of health for preventative and community approaches to health.
- The World Health Organisation (WHO) now emphasizes social determinants of health.
Biomedical Model of Health
- Description: focuses on physiological processes.
- Approach: health is defined as the absence of physical disease or disability.
- Useful in acute medicine for infectious and somatic diseases.
- Neglects social and psychological factors.
Holistic Approach to Health
- Description: health as a state of bodily, mental, and spiritual balance.
- Approach: techniques aimed at overall well-being.
- Popular in preventative and complementary medicine.
Biopsychosocial Model of Health
- Description: Health results from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
- Approach: Multidisciplinary treatment involving physicians, psychologists, and social workers.
- Recognises psychological and social factors, and not just physical factors.
Bio-psycho-socio-environmental Model of Health
- It's a broadened approach that considers biological, psychological, social, and environmental determinants of health.
- This model examines how these factors interact to affect an individual's health and ability to adapt.
- This is valuable in public health and preventive medicine because it considers the broader context and allows for approaches tailored to individuals.
Pathogenetic x Salutogenetic Model of Health
- Pathogenetic Model: Focuses on the causes of disease and eliminating them. Treatment is focused on diagnostics and treatment of disease.
- Salutogenetic Model: Focuses on factors that promote and maintain health. It looks for what helps people stay healthy despite stressors or risk factors.
- The question that guides the Pathogenetic model is "What causes disease and how to treat it?". The driving question of the Salutogenetic Model is "What promotes health and how to maintain it?".
Disease
- Key Ingredients: Physical component (biological manifestations of disease, symptoms, objective diagnosis), Psychological Component (emotional, mental reactions, coping, motivation), and Social Component (impact on relationships, work, finances, social stigma).
- Biomedical definition: A disease disrupts normal bodily functions; usually caused by physical, chemical, or biological factors. Focuses on measurable symptoms.
- WHO Definition: Disease includes physical, mental, and social imbalance.
- Socio-cultural definition: Illness is understood in the context of cultural and social norms.
Objective and Subjective Disorder
- Objective disorder: physical or biological changes in the body measurable or demonstrable by medical tests or examinations.
- Subjective disorder: personal experience of illness, including symptoms (pain, fatigue) and mental reactions (stress, anxiety, depression). This impacts quality of life and self perception.
Determinants of Health
- Factors influencing health, both positively and negatively.
- Categories:
- Social, economic, and cultural factors (education, economic status, social support, cultural factors)
- Environmental factors (air quality, water & hygiene conditions, housing and working conditions)
- Lifestyle factors (dietary habits, physical activity, smoking/alcohol consumption, stress and mental health)
- Healthcare factors (availability, quality of healthcare, preventive services)
- Health sector can only influence the health status of the population from 10-20%, the key determinants of public health lie outside the health sector
Social, Economic, and Cultural Factors
- Education is a strong determinant affecting preventive measures and job possibilities.
- Economic status impacts resource availability like quality housing, nutrition, and healthcare.
Environmental Factors
- Air and water quality, housing conditions, and workplaces influence health.
Lifestyle Factors
- Dietary habits, physical activity, substance use, and stress/mental health impact overall health.
Healthcare Factors
- Availability, quality, and access to healthcare services affect diagnosis and treatment.
- Preventative services like vaccinations, screenings, and health education are critical.
Different Distributions of Health Determinants
- Direct and indirect determinants
- Modifiable and non-modifiable determinants
- Internal and external determinants
Purpose of Health Determinants
- Identifying risk factors
- Planning preventive measures
- Targeting specific populations
- Promoting health equity
- Health policy management
- Improving quality and length of life
Basic Terms Used
- Public health: science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health. Organized efforts of entire society.
- Public health: measures to create and protect healthy living and working conditions and to prevent the spread of infections.
- Health promotion: activities to help people strengthen health and improve control over health determinants. Includes activities to ensure the best social, economic, and environmental conditions for health development
Prevention
- A set of measures to prevent, reduce the likelihood of, or avoid undesirable phenomena, including illness and damage to health.
- The aim of prevention is to prevent illness and damage to health.
Responsibility for Prevention (Czech Republic)
- Multiple levels of responsibility (Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports, Employers, Health service providers, Citizens and patients, Health Insurance).
- Specific roles e.g., National Institute of Health, Regional Hygiene Stations, General practitioners, Doctors, Dentists.
International Disease Prevention Organizations
- WHO, EMA, OECD, CDC, GAVI, Médecins Sans Frontières, NIH, UNICEF, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Environment and Expected Future Developments
- Health is a fundamental social and economic value.
- Community development measures go hand in hand with improving people's health.
- Education, work, housing, and income are all crucial, interdependent areas needed for improved health.
- Health sector resource management impacts the economy significantly.
Development in the So-called Zero Variant
- The option of completely avoiding disease isn't sustainable.
- Modern healthcare and technology are reaching their limits and are costly for the population.
- Ageing and lifestyle changes increase the incidence of diseases.
- Globalisation and migration increase the risk of infectious diseases.
- Prevention, protection, and health promotion are effective solutions.
Tools for Prevention
- Prevention tools involve a range of strategies and methods to prevent diseases, and reduce spread.
- Their effectiveness differs greatly in developed/developing nations.
- Tools such as, awareness, education, vaccinations, screenings, preventive checkups, lifestyle improvements, telemedicine, and health policy.
Legislation
- Specific Acts for protection of Public health, Health Services, and Specific Health Services
- A multitude of Acts in the Czech Republic are mentioned in relation to different types of health activities.
Types of Prevention (according to Object)
- Universal prevention- targeting the entire population.
- Selective prevention- targeting specific populations at risk.
- Indicative prevention- targeting persons identified as at risk after clinical assessment.
Types of Prevention (by Subject):
- Social prevention- by authorities (government etc), institutions, and social organizations
- Personal prevention- by individuals (lifestyle changes, health awareness).
- Health prevention- by health professionals (vaccinations, health education, preventative searches)
Types of Prevention (in terms of timing):
- Primary prevention: preventative measures to prevent disease occurrence (or at least delay onset), e.g., vaccinations and lifestyle interventions
- Primordial prevention: measures to reduce risks or prevent diseases before they occur, e.g., education about unhealthy habits
- Secondary prevention: early diagnosis and treatment to prevent disease progression (e.g., screening for cancer).
- Tertiary prevention: measures to limit disease progression and reduce disability/losses in already diagnosed cases, e.g., rehabilitation.
- Quaternary prevention: anticipating and preventing the consequences of incurable illnesses and mitigating quality of life
Stages of Disease Development
- Series from stage 0 = health, through various stages (preclinical, subclinical, clinical, organ complications) and concluding with Stage 5 = death
Primary Prevention
- Aims to reduce disease incidence or delay onset by removing/reducing risk factors (e.g., lifestyle changes, vaccinations).
Primordial Prevention
- Aims to reduce risks of disease before they occur (e.g., education about unhealthy habits and removing carcinogens from the environment).
Secondary Prevention
- Focuses on early diagnosis and treatment of diseases to prevent progression or cure asymptomatic early stage diseases. Targets patients in preclinical and subclinical stages of disease.
Tertiary Prevention
- The aim is to limit disease progression, avoid recurrence, prevent disability, and maintain quality of life. Targets patients in advanced stages of a disease.
Quaternary Prevention
- Prevention of the adverse consequences of incurable diseases.
Main Prevention Tools
- Prevention Programs, Vaccinations, and Screening programs.
Preventive Health Check-ups (General, Dental, Gynaecological, Children)
- Different types of checks and who they're for. Included in these notes are age guidelines and frequency or testing.
- Legislation for different check-ups and testing.
General Preventive Check-ups - Adults, Dental, Gynaecological, Children
- Different aspects of the various types of preventive check-ups e.g. for adults, children, dental, and gynaecological.
Newborn Screening
- Follow up screening examinations for newborns include screening for congenital syphilis, congenital cataracts and deafness and critical congenital heart disease, and screening of the feet, hip joints and kidneys.
Apgar Score
- A scoring system used to assess the health of newborns immediately after birth.
Newborn Laboratory Screening
- Screening procedures and tests to diagnose 18+ different diseases.
Cancer Screening
- Population-based screening for early detection of cancer (asymptomatic stage).
- Early diagnosis leads to treatment and reduced morbidity/mortality.
- Covered by health insurance.
Tumour Screening Requirements
- Tumour must be relatively common, simple and inexpensive tests to detect and be curable if detected early.
Cancer Screenings in the Czech Republic
- Types of long-term and pilot programs.
Colorectal Cancer
- More than 7500 patients are newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer. 3500+ yearly deaths. 58,000+ cases in the Czech Republic yearly.
Colorectal Cancer - Incidence in 2018, Colorectal Cancer Screening
- Prevalence of colorectal cancer in 2018
- Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer.
- Occult blood test screening, and colonoscopy tests as screening options are available.
Carcinoma of the Breast
- Epidemiology: Incidence and mortality rates over time. 7,200 new diagnoses and 1,600 deaths annually in the Czech Republic.
- Prevalence is increasing.
Breast Cancer Screening
- Organized screening program from 2011. detects the disease at clinical stage I (early stage).
- Screening program, testing guidelines for age, health risks, and testing procedures.
Cervical Cancer
- Annual diagnoses of 850-900+ tumours in the Czech Republic.
- Incidence and mortality rates over time.
Cervical Cancer Screening
- Gynaecologist takes cervical smear for cytological testing.
- HPV testing is also becoming covered testing for high risk HPV types, as of 2021.
- Screening for women ages 35 and 45.
Carcinoma of the Lung
- Around 6500 new patient diagnoses annually in the Czech Republic.
- Lung cancer is the third most common cancer for men and women (excluding other skin cancers).
- Most cases occur between the ages of 55 and 80.
Lung Cancer Screening
- Smokers with 20+ pack-year history, ages 55-74 can be screened.
- General practitioner or pulmonology consultation may refer patients to low-dose CT scans for screening.
- Pilot screening program emphasises smoking awareness and cessation to reduce risks.
Pharmacy - New Opportunities in Prevention and Health Care
- Wider availability, Early diagnosis and prevention
- Relief to health care system, Increasing health literacy
- Professional growth for pharmacists
- Insurance company support
Preventive Testing at Pharmacies
- Common service, blood testing for sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, BMI,
- Additional screening: uric acid, infections, allergies, memory disorders/inhalation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pediatric check-ups, cancer screenings, and health prevention strategies. This quiz covers essential concepts related to health models, determinants of health, and prevention tools. A must-try for those interested in healthcare and public health policies.
