Health Policy Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is health defined as in the context of health policy?

Access to healthcare services

The ability to maintain physical fitness

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being (correct)

The absence of disease or infirmity

What major declaration identified primary health care as key to achieving 'Health for All'?

The Declaration of Helsinki

The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 (correct)

The WHO Constitution

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

What was a key focus of the National Health Policy of India framed in 1983?

Private health insurance systems

Credit systems for healthcare

Rehabilitation only

Preventive, promotive, and public health aspects (correct)

What is one of the main objectives of the National Health Policy 1983?

Ensure healthcare services reach remote areas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was not a priority area mentioned in the National Health Policy 1983?

Volunteer healthcare workers Signup and view all the answers

What element was emphasized regarding community health problems in the National Health Policy 1983?

Create awareness and community solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key element in improving health infrastructure according to the National Health Policy?

Enhance rural health infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health care did the National Health Policy 1983 stress the importance of?

Preventive health measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the target cure rate for new sputum positive patients for TB by 2025?

85% Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim for the prevalence of blindness by 2025?

0.25/1000 Signup and view all the answers

What reduction in premature mortality from certain diseases is targeted by 2025?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of newborns are targeted to be fully immunized by one year of age by 2025?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective for state sector health spending by 2020?

<blockquote> 8% of their budget </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the objectives of the National Health Policy 2002?

Enhancing access to health services for all Signup and view all the answers

Which disease was targeted for elimination by the year 2010 according to the National Health Policy 2002?

Kala-azar Signup and view all the answers

What was the expected reduction in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by the year 2010?

100 per lakh Signup and view all the answers

The National Health Policy 2017 primarily aims to prioritize which aspect?

Clarify government's role in health systems Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of GDP is targeted for health expenditure increase by 2010 according to the National Health Policy 2002?

2.0% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the National Health Policy 2002?

Reduce utilization of private health facilities Signup and view all the answers

One of the objectives includes the upgrade of which type of infrastructure?

Existing public health institutions Signup and view all the answers

What was one intended outcome regarding childhood mortality by 2010 according to the National Health Policy 2002?

Achieve an IMR of 30/1000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the National Health Policy 2017?

To shift focus from 'sick-care' to 'wellness' Signup and view all the answers

Which priority area focuses on preventing deaths due to traffic accidents?

Yatri Suraksha Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key principles of the National Health Policy regarding healthcare accessibility?

Healthcare should be universal for all citizens Signup and view all the answers

What is the target for Life Expectancy at birth set by the National Health Policy 2017?

70 years by 2025 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a priority area identified by the National Health Policy?

Maintaining traditional currency exchange rates Signup and view all the answers

Which objective aims to reduce the Under Five Mortality rate by 2025?

Achieve a mortality rate of 23 per 1000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Index used to measure?

Burden of disease Signup and view all the answers

Which principle focuses on the involvement of the community in healthcare decisions?

Participation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Health Policy

Health policy is a country’s plan to strategize and optimize the use of health knowledge for desired outcomes.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a complete state of well-being, encompassing physical, mental, and social aspects – not just the absence of illness.

Alma-Ata Declaration

The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emphasized primary healthcare as the key to achieving “Health for All” globally.
This influenced India’s national health policy framework.

National Health Policy 1983

India’s first national health policy launched in 1983, after 36 years of independence
Employs a preventive healthcare strategy focusing on public health, promotion, rehabilitation, and primary care services.
Key objectives:
- Reach remote areas with healthcare services.
- Enhance community participation and collaboration in healthcare services.
- Promote preventive and promotive healthcare aspects.
- Prioritize areas like nutrition, immunization, maternal, and child health, school health programs, and occupational health services.

Elements of National Health Policy 1983

Increased awareness of health issues and community solutions.
Provision of safe drinking water and basic sanitation utilizing affordable technologies.
Focus on rural health infrastructure to address inequalities in health services.
Development of a dynamic health management information system to support health planning and program implementation.
Legislation to protect and promote health.
Initiatives to tackle widespread malnutrition.
Research on alternative health delivery methods and low-cost health technologies.
Coordination across different medical systems.

National Health Policy 2002

Aims
- Achieving an acceptable health standard for the Indian population.
- Decentralizing the public health system by improving infrastructure in existing institutions.
- Equitable health service access across India, regardless of social or geographical location.
- Increased private sector involvement in health services for paying individuals.
- Prioritizing prevention and primary curative initiatives.
- Promote rational drug usage.
- Increased access to traditional medicine.
Goals:
- Eradication of Polio and Yaws by 2005.
- Elimination of Leprosy by 2005.
- Elimination of Kala-azar by 2010.
- Elimination of lymphatic Filariasis by 2015.
- Achieve zero growth of HIV/AIDS by 2007.
- Reduce mortality by 50% due to Tuberculosis, Malaria, other vector-borne and waterborne diseases by 2010.
- Reduce blindness prevalence to 0.5% by 2010.
- Reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 30/1000 and Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 100/lakh by 2010.
- Increase utilization of public health facilities to 75% by 2010.
- Establish an integrated system for surveillance, National Health Accounts, and Health Statistics by 2007.
- Increasing the government’s health expenditure from 0.9% to 2.0% of GDP by 2010.
- Increasing central grants to comprise 25% of total health spending by 2010.
- Increasing state sector health spending from 5.5% to 7% of the budget by 2005.
- Further increase of state sector health spending from 7% to 8% by 2010.

National Health Policy (2017)

The primary goal is to inform, clarify, strengthen, and prioritize the Government’s role in shaping health systems.
The policy shifts focus from “sick-care” to “wellness” by prioritizing disease prevention and promoting well-being.
Seven priority areas identified for improving the health environment:
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission).
- Balanced, healthy diets, and regular exercise.
- Addressing tobacco, alcohol, and substance abuse.
- Yatri Suraksha: preventing deaths from rail and road traffic accidents.
- Nirbhaya Nari: action against gender violence.
- Reduced stress and improved workplace safety.
- Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution.

Key Policy Principles of NHP 2017

Universality: Healthcare for all citizens, irrespective of socioeconomic status or location.
Equity: Focus on vulnerable groups, including the poor, women, children, and marginalized communities.
Quality: High-quality healthcare services, ensuring competence, compassion, and communication.
Accountability: Transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in healthcare governance.
Participation: Community involvement in healthcare decision-making.

Objectives of NHP 2017

Increase public healthcare investment from 1.4% to 2.5% of GDP.
Provide a comprehensive primary healthcare package through “Health and Wellness centers.”
Increase life expectancy at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025.
Implement regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Index to measure disease burden by 2022.
Reduce the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1 at national and sub-national levels by 2025.
Reduce the Under-Five Mortality rate to 23 per 1000 by 2025 and MMR from current levels to 100 by 2020.
Reduce the infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019.
Reduce neonatal mortality to 16 and stillbirth rates to single digits by 2025.
Eradication of Leprosy by 2018, Kala-Azar by 2017, and Lymphatic Filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017.
Achieve and maintain a cure rate exceeding 85% for new sputum positive TB patients; reduce new case incidence and achieve elimination status by 2025.
Reduce blindness prevalence to 0.25/1000 by 2025.
Decrease premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases by 25% by 2025.
Increase utilization of public health facilities to 50% from current levels by 2025.
Achieve full immunization by one year of age for over 90% of newborns by 2025.
Meet over 90% of family planning needs at national and sub-national levels by 2025.
Maintain “controlled disease status” for 80% of known hypertensive and diabetic individuals at the household level by 2025.
Reduce the prevalence of current tobacco use by 15% by 2020 and 30% by 2025.
Reduce stunting prevalence among under-five children by 40% by 2025.
Provide safe water and sanitation for all by 2020 (Swachh Bharat Mission).
Reduce occupational injury by half from the current level of 334 per lakh agricultural workers by 2020.
Increase the government’s health expenditure from the existing 1.15% (GDP) to 2.5% (GDP) by 2025.
Increase state sector health spending to over 8% of their budgets by 2020.
Reduce the proportion of households experiencing catastrophic health expenditure from current levels by 25% by 2025.
Ensure district-level electronic databases for information on health system components by 2020.
Strengthen the health surveillance system by 2020.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of health policy, including its definition, the Alma-Ata Declaration, and India's National Health Policy of 1983. It emphasizes the importance of primary healthcare and preventive strategies in achieving overall well-being. Test your knowledge on key objectives and strategic approaches to health policy implementation.