Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of premature deaths in the United States is associated with social determinants of health?

20%

40%

30% (correct)

10%

Which of the following is NOT one of the five key domains identified by Healthy People 2020?

Education

Healthcare System

Economic Stability

Food Security (correct)

Which of the following behavioral changes was found to increase life expectancy?

Reduction in heavy drinking (correct)

Increased firearm deaths

Increased smoking rates

Higher obesity rates

What effect do social and environmental factors have on health?

They work indirectly by limiting access to resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with the risks of obesity according to the discussed social determinants of health?

Access to safe playgrounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates social determinants of health impacting health behavior?

Gang membership leading to problems Signup and view all the answers

What does the SDH approach adopted by WHO prioritize?

Health equity Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of low literacy in the context of health?

Challenges in self-care and family care Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global disease burden is attributed to environmental factors, as stated by the WHO?

24% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a topic of interest among students?

Career advice Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary sources of lead exposure mentioned in the content?

Lead-based paint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics related to mental health had a co-occurring substance abuse disorder rate of approximately 30%?

Depression and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of traffic fatalities involve alcohol-impaired drivers?

33% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances was reported to have nearly 1.2 million daily users among young adults in 2015?

Marijuana Signup and view all the answers

What type of disasters are correlated with environmental health issues mentioned in the content?

Natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

What is a common hobby that can result in exposure to lead?

Making stained-glass windows Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest contributing factor to premature death according to the provided data?

Individual behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is attributed to the smallest slice of the pie chart representing causes of premature death?

Health care Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of life expectancy increase occurred from 1960 to 2010?

6.9 years Signup and view all the answers

What are single gene mutations responsible for, based on the content?

More than 10,000 disorders Signup and view all the answers

What societal change occurred with the introduction of ultrasound technology?

Abortion replaced infanticide for female fetuses. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impact of genetics on health outcomes?

Genetics has a 30% impact on health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which health behavior is more common among gay or lesbian individuals compared to heterosexual individuals?

Higher engagement in smoking and drinking Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the United States health care spending, how does it compare to the United Kingdom?

The US spends nearly twice what the UK spends. Signup and view all the answers

What role do individual behaviors play in determining health outcomes?

They have the most significant impact on longevity. Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is NOT part of how sex and gender influence health risks?

Socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of root cause analysis in health communication?

Identifying and modifying underlying factors causing issues Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the contribution of health care to overall health outcomes?

It accounts for a minimal percentage of health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

How is race defined by many social scientists?

As a societal construct without biological basis. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is most effective at influencing policymakers and higher-level regulations?

Business-to-business advocacy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to a group's ethnic identity?

Biological traits Signup and view all the answers

What does the People and Places Framework (PPF) emphasize in terms of health communication?

The interrelation between people’s needs and places’ conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant impact that race and ethnicity have on health outcomes?

They influence mate selection within specific groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between race and ethnicity as described?

Ethnicity can include shared cultural traits, while race tends to be socially constructed. Signup and view all the answers

In which area has root cause analysis been notably applied for error reduction?

Intravenous line infection prevention Signup and view all the answers

What type of changes does social marketing primarily aim to promote?

Voluntary behavior change based on psychological processes Signup and view all the answers

What factor has significantly impacted the rate of new HIV diagnoses among MSM in the United States?

Higher prevalence compared to other men Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about people fields of influence is true?

They focus on individual and community level changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of health communicators using the ecological model?

To analyze and target modifiable factors at various levels Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health communication, what is a significant benefit of understanding place fields of influence?

Facilitates better policy advocacy and higher-level changes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Factors Affecting Health Outcomes

Individual Behavior: Accounts for 40% of premature deaths, encompassing factors like diet, exercise, substance use, and sexual activity.
Genetics: Contributes 30% to premature deaths, with 1% of human genes differing between individuals.
Social & Environmental Factors: Contribute 20% to premature deaths, including factors like air pollution, social determinants of health, and access to resources.
Health Care: Accounts for 10% of premature deaths, highlighting the importance of healthcare access and affordability.

Socially Defined You

Biological Factors: Include genetics, sex, and age, shaping health outcomes.
Social Factors: Impact health through social determinants, cultural influences, and societal reactions to gender identity.
Cultural Factors: Shape health outcomes through the transmission of cultural practices and beliefs.

Race and Ethnicity

Race: A socially constructed concept, often tied to physical appearance but not based in biology.
Ethnicity: Refers to shared cultural traits, ancestry, and traditions, which can influence health outcomes.

Age

Young Adults (18-25): Face unique health challenges, including mental health disorders, substance use, and motor vehicle accidents.

The Environment

Environmental Factors: Account for 24% of the global disease burden and 23% of all deaths, encompassing factors like air pollution, water contamination, and climate change.

Points of Intervention

Ecological Model: Frameworks for understanding health determinants at individual, social, organizational, community, and policy levels.
Root Cause Analysis: A technique for identifying the underlying causes of problems, particularly effective for preventing disasters like drug overdose and youth suicide.
The People and Places Framework: A tool for understanding how communication can impact behavior change at different levels within an ecological model.

People Fields of Influence

Business-to-Business Approaches: Effective for influencing place fields of influence, such as corporate advocacy and policy change.
Social Marketing and Health Communication: Promote voluntary behavior change through information, motivation, and self-efficacy, primarily targeting people fields of influence.
Health Communicators: Develop overarching intervention strategies that target specific ecological levels to promote health outcomes.

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Description

Explore the major factors influencing health outcomes, including individual behavior, genetics, social and environmental conditions, and healthcare access. This quiz covers how these elements contribute to premature deaths and the role of race, ethnicity, and culture in shaping health. Test your knowledge on these key health determinants!