Bones
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary origin of Ewing Sarcoma?

  • Primitive neuroectodermal cells (correct)
  • Immature bone tissue
  • Cartilage cells
  • Bone-forming cells

At what age group is Ewing Sarcoma most commonly diagnosed?

  • Children and adolescents aged 10 to 20 (correct)
  • Adults aged 30 and above
  • Children aged 5 to 10
  • Infants up to 5 years

Which histological feature is characteristic of Osteosarcoma?

  • Malignant osteoblasts producing osteoid (correct)
  • High nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
  • Small, round blue cells
  • Highly uniform small cells

What is a common geographical area for Osteosarcoma occurrence?

<p>Metaphysis near the knee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic mutation is commonly associated with Ewing Sarcoma?

<p>EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which age range is Osteosarcoma most likely to occur?

<p>10 to 30 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical histological appearance of Ewing Sarcoma?

<p>Small, round blue cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is mandatory for entry into the Republic of Congo?

<p>Vaccination against yellow fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the goal prevalence of population-wide interventions typically aim to achieve?

<p>A target level of adherence to health-related behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In public health, what might the goal prevalence target for physical activity be focused on?

<p>Increasing the percentage of people engaging in healthy behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves vary in general populations?

<p>It typically ranges from 1% to 6% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which populations is the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves higher?

<p>In individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence the global prevalence of Pathological Q Waves?

<p>Differences in healthcare accessibility and exposure to risk factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves in the general population?

<p>It consistently exceeds 20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of public health guidelines set by organizations like WHO or CDC regarding population prevalence?

<p>To establish measurable targets for health-related behavior adoption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves be higher in older populations?

<p>Increased presence of cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily associated with the origin of osteosarcoma?

<p>Osteoblasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is categorized as incurable?

<p>Advanced Alzheimer’s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age group for patients diagnosed with Ewing Sarcoma?

<p>10-20 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does precision medicine play in treatment customization?

<p>It tailors treatment based on individual genetics and environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is most commonly associated with osteosarcoma?

<p>Proximal tibia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that influences health beliefs?

<p>Cultural, social, and individual factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is NOT typically included in medical ethics?

<p>Determinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment approach for osteosarcoma?

<p>Surgery followed by chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metastasis pattern is specific to Ewing Sarcoma?

<p>To the bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the prognosis of Ewing Sarcoma compare with that of Osteosarcoma?

<p>Ewing Sarcoma has a better prognosis than Osteosarcoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is often the primary approach for Ewing Sarcoma?

<p>Chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a discectomy?

<p>To remove the portion of the disc pressing on the nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure involves removing a section of the vertebra to relieve nerve pressure?

<p>Laminectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a listed prevention method for maintaining spine health?

<p>Weight training (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common condition can lead to a pinched nerve?

<p>Herniated or bulging disc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgery may be performed to provide stability after disc removal?

<p>Spinal fusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the risk of developing a pinched nerve?

<p>Maintaining good hydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a pinched nerve?

<p>Burning pain in the affected area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions helps minimize stress on the spine?

<p>Practicing good posture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in health outcomes?

<p>Biopsychosocial model of health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle focuses on treating the whole person rather than just addressing symptoms?

<p>Holistic care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA?

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance deals with traits that are not strictly dominant or recessive?

<p>Non-Mendelian inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Providing structural support and facilitating movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major process occurs during meiosis that is crucial for genetic diversity?

<p>Crossing over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of healthcare does the ecological model of health emphasize?

<p>Community and societal influences on well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is responsible for programmed cell death?

<p>Apoptosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Goal Prevalence (PW)

The targeted percentage of people in a population who adopt a specific health behavior or achieve a desired health outcome, such as engaging in physical activity, managing blood pressure, or quitting smoking.

Pathological Q Waves (PWs)

A type of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormality that indicates damage to the heart muscle, often due to a heart attack.

Prevalence

The percentage of people in a population who have a specific condition or characteristic.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

A type of heart attack where the blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. PWs are a marker of this type of heart attack.

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PWs Prevalence in General Population

The prevalence of PWs in the general population is usually low, typically around 1% to 6%.

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PWs Prevalence in High-Risk Groups

The prevalence of PWs is significantly higher in individuals with a history of heart disease or certain risk factors, often exceeding 10-20%.

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Global Variations in PWs Prevalence

The prevalence of PWs can differ across regions due to various factors such as healthcare access, genetic factors, and exposure to risk factors like smoking and high cholesterol.

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Public Health Guidelines for Population Prevalence

Public health guidelines, such as those from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), set measurable goals for population prevalence based on scientific evidence.

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Ewing Sarcoma

A type of malignant bone cancer that originates from soft tissues or bone in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones. It arises from early, undifferentiated cells called primitive neuroectodermal cells (PNET).

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Osteosarcoma

A type of malignant bone cancer that originates from bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) and typically occurs in the metaphysis (end) of long bones. It's often found around the knee or the upper arm.

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Ewing Sarcoma Age

Ewing sarcoma commonly affects children and adolescents, typically between the ages of 10 and 20.

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Osteosarcoma Age

Osteosarcoma affects children and adolescents but tends to occur in slightly older individuals, typically between the ages of 10 and 30.

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Ewing Sarcoma Histology

Ewing sarcoma has distinct features. It's characterized by small, round blue cells that have a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, meaning there is very little cytoplasm compared to the nucleus, making it look like a tiny blue dot.

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Osteosarcoma Histology

Osteosarcoma is characterized by malignant osteoblasts.These are cells that produce immature bone (osteoid).

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Ewing Sarcoma Diagnosis

Ewing sarcoma is often diagnosed by identifying a specific genetic mutation called the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene.

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Ewing Sarcoma vs. Osteosarcoma Symptoms

Both Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma can lead to pain, swelling, and limited mobility. They can also cause fractures in the affected bone.

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Ewing Sarcoma Location

Ewing Sarcoma is more common in the pelvis, spine and long bones, especially the femur and tibia. It's not usually found in the knee joint.

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Osteosarcoma Location

Osteosarcoma primarily affects the long bones, particularly around the knee joint (distal femur, proximal tibia) and proximal humerus.

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Ewing Sarcoma Metastasis

Ewing Sarcoma often spreads to the lungs, bones and bone marrow.

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Osteosarcoma Metastasis

Osteosarcoma commonly spreads to the lungs, and to a lesser extent, other bones and organs.

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Ewing Sarcoma Treatment

Ewing Sarcoma is treated with chemotherapy, radiation, and sometimes surgery. Chemotherapy is often the primary treatment due to its sensitivity to systemic treatment.

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Osteosarcoma Treatment

Osteosarcoma is typically treated with surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemotherapy. Limbs are often saved with limb-sparing surgery whenever possible.

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Human Physiology

The study of how the body functions, including its organs and systems, and how they work together. Helps us understand how diseases develop and how to maintain health.

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Cardiovascular Diseases

A group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure.

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Modern Diagnostics

The use of advanced technologies like MRI and genetic testing to diagnose diseases earlier and more accurately.

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Precision Medicine

A personalized approach to healthcare that considers an individual's unique genetic makeup and environment to tailor treatment.

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Medical Ethics

The principles that guide ethical medical practice, including respecting patient autonomy, acting in their best interest, avoiding harm, and ensuring fair treatment.

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Discectomy

Removal of the portion of the intervertebral disc that is pressing on the nerve.

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Laminectomy

Removal of a small section of the vertebra (lamina) to relieve pressure on the nerve.

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Spinal Fusion

A surgical procedure where the spine is fused together to provide stability after disc removal.

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Pinched Nerve

A condition where pressure is applied to a nerve by surrounding tissues, often causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.

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Herniated Disc

A herniated disc can press on a nearby nerve, causing pain and other symptoms.

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Bone Spurs

Overgrowth of bone, usually due to arthritis, can compress nearby nerves, leading to pain and other symptoms.

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Preventing Back Pain

Maintaining a healthy weight and practicing good posture can reduce strain on the spine and help prevent back pain.

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Exercise for Back Health

Regular physical activity, especially strengthening and stretching exercises, can help maintain spine health and prevent back pain.

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Biopsychosocial Model

A model of health that considers the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in influencing health outcomes.

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Multidisciplinary Approach

A comprehensive approach to health that draws on knowledge from different fields like biology, psychology, sociology, and public health.

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Inheritance

The study of how genes are passed down from parents to offspring.

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Protein Synthesis

The process of making proteins using information from DNA.

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Musculoskeletal System

The bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments that form the framework of the body.

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Cardiovascular System

The organs and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body.

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Cell Differentiation

The ability of cells to differentiate into specialized cell types.

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Apoptosis

The process of programmed cell death, a natural mechanism for removing damaged or unnecessary cells.

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Study Notes

Goal Prevalence of Population-Wide Interventions

  • The target level of adoption or compliance with a health-related behavior, risk factor reduction, or clinical outcome in a population
  • Examples include target percentages of people engaging in healthy behaviors (physical activity, balanced diet, smoking cessation), achieving normal blood pressure, cholesterol, or BMI levels
  • Specific goal depends on the context of the program or study and baseline prevalence.

Global Prevalence of Pathological Q Waves

  • Prevalence varies depending on studied condition and demographics
  • Pathological Q Waves (PWs) are markers associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack) or structural heart damage
  • In general populations, prevalence is relatively low, ranging from 1% to 6%, depending on age, sex, and risk factors (diabetes, hypertension)
  • In specific risk populations with cardiovascular disease or risk factors, prevalence can be significantly higher, exceeding 10-20% in older or high-risk groups
  • Global variations exist due to differences in healthcare access, genetic predispositions, and exposure to risk factors

Global Prevalence of Prader-Willi Syndrome

  • Estimated to be between 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 30,000 live births
  • A relatively rare genetic disorder
  • Caused by the loss of function of specific genes on the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region. This can be due to deletions, maternal uniparental disomy, or other genetic abnormalities.

Percentage of People with Severe Intellectual Disability with Known Genetic Disorder

  • Estimated that approximately 25-50% of individuals with severe intellectual disability (ID) have a known genetic disorder
  • The percentage varies depending on the population and availability of genetic testing

UK Health System Approaches to Disability Prevention/Treatment

  • Collective approach: The NHS is publicly funded, with services delivered at national, regional, and local levels
  • Varied approaches: Devolved administrations have autonomy to tailor health policies and services
  • The NHS prioritizes healthcare based on clinical need

Social Capital Types

  • Bonding social capital: Strong relationships within close-knit groups (family, friends, community)
  • Bridging social capital: Connections between diverse groups (different social, cultural, or economic backgrounds)
  • Linking social capital: Connections to institutions, authorities, or individuals in positions of power (access to resources and services)

Definition of Social Capital

  • Networks, relationships, and norms of trust and reciprocity within and between groups of people
  • Enables effective collaboration and achievement of shared goals
  • Includes resources and benefits arising from social connections (support, cooperation, and access to information or opportunities)

Congo Visa Costs for British Citizens

  • A tourist visa is required
  • Cost varies depending on stay duration and processing service used
  • Example: One-month single entry visa is approximately $83 USD

Ewing Sarcoma vs. Osteosarcoma

  • Both malignant bone cancers, but differ in origin (cells), location, age of onset, and prognosis
  • Ewing sarcoma arises from soft tissues or bone in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones, affecting children and adolescents (10-20 years)
  • Osteosarcoma arises from bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) in the metaphysis (end of long bones), affecting a slightly older population range (10-30 years)

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Exam Paper - Prevalence of Diseases & Disorders PDF

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