Bones

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary origin of Ewing Sarcoma?

Primitive neuroectodermal cells (correct)

Immature bone tissue

Cartilage cells

Bone-forming cells

At what age group is Ewing Sarcoma most commonly diagnosed?

Children and adolescents aged 10 to 20 (correct)

Adults aged 30 and above

Children aged 5 to 10

Infants up to 5 years

Which histological feature is characteristic of Osteosarcoma?

Malignant osteoblasts producing osteoid (correct)

High nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

Small, round blue cells

Highly uniform small cells

What is a common geographical area for Osteosarcoma occurrence?

Metaphysis near the knee Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic mutation is commonly associated with Ewing Sarcoma?

EWSR1-FLI1 fusion gene Signup and view all the answers

In which age range is Osteosarcoma most likely to occur?

10 to 30 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical histological appearance of Ewing Sarcoma?

Small, round blue cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is mandatory for entry into the Republic of Congo?

Vaccination against yellow fever Signup and view all the answers

What does the goal prevalence of population-wide interventions typically aim to achieve?

A target level of adherence to health-related behaviors Signup and view all the answers

In public health, what might the goal prevalence target for physical activity be focused on?

Increasing the percentage of people engaging in healthy behaviors Signup and view all the answers

How does the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves vary in general populations?

It typically ranges from 1% to 6% Signup and view all the answers

In which populations is the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves higher?

In individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence the global prevalence of Pathological Q Waves?

Differences in healthcare accessibility and exposure to risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves in the general population?

It consistently exceeds 20% Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of public health guidelines set by organizations like WHO or CDC regarding population prevalence?

To establish measurable targets for health-related behavior adoption Signup and view all the answers

Why might the prevalence of Pathological Q Waves be higher in older populations?

Increased presence of cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily associated with the origin of osteosarcoma?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is categorized as incurable?

Advanced Alzheimer’s Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age group for patients diagnosed with Ewing Sarcoma?

10-20 years Signup and view all the answers

What role does precision medicine play in treatment customization?

It tailors treatment based on individual genetics and environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is most commonly associated with osteosarcoma?

Proximal tibia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that influences health beliefs?

Cultural, social, and individual factors Signup and view all the answers

What principle is NOT typically included in medical ethics?

Determinism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment approach for osteosarcoma?

Surgery followed by chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Which metastasis pattern is specific to Ewing Sarcoma?

To the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

How does the prognosis of Ewing Sarcoma compare with that of Osteosarcoma?

Ewing Sarcoma has a better prognosis than Osteosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is often the primary approach for Ewing Sarcoma?

Chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a discectomy?

To remove the portion of the disc pressing on the nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure involves removing a section of the vertebra to relieve nerve pressure?

Laminectomy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a listed prevention method for maintaining spine health?

Weight training Signup and view all the answers

What common condition can lead to a pinched nerve?

Herniated or bulging disc Signup and view all the answers

What type of surgery may be performed to provide stability after disc removal?

Spinal fusion Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the risk of developing a pinched nerve?

Maintaining good hydration Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a pinched nerve?

Burning pain in the affected area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions helps minimize stress on the spine?

Practicing good posture Signup and view all the answers

What key concept emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in health outcomes?

Biopsychosocial model of health Signup and view all the answers

Which principle focuses on treating the whole person rather than just addressing symptoms?

Holistic care Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA?

Translation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance deals with traits that are not strictly dominant or recessive?

Non-Mendelian inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the musculoskeletal system?

Providing structural support and facilitating movement Signup and view all the answers

What major process occurs during meiosis that is crucial for genetic diversity?

Crossing over Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of healthcare does the ecological model of health emphasize?

Community and societal influences on well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is responsible for programmed cell death?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Goal Prevalence of Population-Wide Interventions

The target level of adoption or compliance with a health-related behavior, risk factor reduction, or clinical outcome in a population
Examples include target percentages of people engaging in healthy behaviors (physical activity, balanced diet, smoking cessation), achieving normal blood pressure, cholesterol, or BMI levels
Specific goal depends on the context of the program or study and baseline prevalence.

Global Prevalence of Pathological Q Waves

Prevalence varies depending on studied condition and demographics
Pathological Q Waves (PWs) are markers associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack) or structural heart damage
In general populations, prevalence is relatively low, ranging from 1% to 6%, depending on age, sex, and risk factors (diabetes, hypertension)
In specific risk populations with cardiovascular disease or risk factors, prevalence can be significantly higher, exceeding 10-20% in older or high-risk groups
Global variations exist due to differences in healthcare access, genetic predispositions, and exposure to risk factors

Global Prevalence of Prader-Willi Syndrome

Estimated to be between 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 30,000 live births
A relatively rare genetic disorder
Caused by the loss of function of specific genes on the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region. This can be due to deletions, maternal uniparental disomy, or other genetic abnormalities.

Percentage of People with Severe Intellectual Disability with Known Genetic Disorder

Estimated that approximately 25-50% of individuals with severe intellectual disability (ID) have a known genetic disorder
The percentage varies depending on the population and availability of genetic testing

UK Health System Approaches to Disability Prevention/Treatment

Collective approach: The NHS is publicly funded, with services delivered at national, regional, and local levels
Varied approaches: Devolved administrations have autonomy to tailor health policies and services
The NHS prioritizes healthcare based on clinical need

Bonding social capital: Strong relationships within close-knit groups (family, friends, community)
Bridging social capital: Connections between diverse groups (different social, cultural, or economic backgrounds)
Linking social capital: Connections to institutions, authorities, or individuals in positions of power (access to resources and services)

Networks, relationships, and norms of trust and reciprocity within and between groups of people
Enables effective collaboration and achievement of shared goals
Includes resources and benefits arising from social connections (support, cooperation, and access to information or opportunities)

Congo Visa Costs for British Citizens

A tourist visa is required
Cost varies depending on stay duration and processing service used
Example: One-month single entry visa is approximately $83 USD

Ewing Sarcoma vs. Osteosarcoma

Both malignant bone cancers, but differ in origin (cells), location, age of onset, and prognosis
Ewing sarcoma arises from soft tissues or bone in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones, affecting children and adolescents (10-20 years)
Osteosarcoma arises from bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) in the metaphysis (end of long bones), affecting a slightly older population range (10-30 years)

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