Health Care-Associated Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated rate of healthcare-associated infections in hospital settings?

  • 1 in every 40 patients
  • 1 in every 50 patients
  • 1 in every 25 patients
  • 1 in every 31 patients (correct)

What is a key method of preventing infection transmission in healthcare settings?

  • Increasing the use of antibiotics
  • Using anti-bacterial lotions
  • Frequent handwashing or hand rubs (correct)
  • Minimizing patient interaction

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of standard precautions?

  • Avoiding patient contact (correct)
  • Wearing gloves
  • Frequent handwashing
  • Using personal protective equipment (PPE)

What are HCAP and CAP in the context of pneumonia classifications?

<p>Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the body's defense mechanism against infection?

<p>Immune response activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom NOT typically associated with infection?

<p>Increased energy levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal protective equipment (PPE) is commonly used in infection control?

<p>Shoe coverings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about healthcare-associated infections is true?

<p>They are a leading cause of death in the U.S. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should airborne precautions be taken for patients with AFB?

<p>When 3 sputum smears for AFB are negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of respirator should be used for airborne precautions?

<p>N95 respirator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conditions require placing a patient in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR)?

<p>Patients with MERS or SARS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to minimize transport of a patient requiring airborne precautions?

<p>Use a private room with negative airflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with SARS, what is the duration of precautions after the resolution of fever?

<p>10-20 days after resolution of fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pathogen that requires airborne precautions?

<p>Typhoid fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if respiratory symptoms persist in a SARS patient?

<p>Precautions must continue until symptoms are absent or improving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is SARS-CoV-2 responsible for causing?

<p>COVID-19 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is specifically known for causing avian influenza in humans?

<p>H5N1 virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended when entering a room of a patient requiring contact precautions?

<p>Isolation gown and gloves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key component of Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette?

<p>Use the upper sleeve to cover coughs if tissues are unavailable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a new pathogen?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic on which date?

<p>March 11, 2020 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommendation made as of July 15, 2020, in healthcare facilities concerning face masks?

<p>Everyone should wear a cloth face mask (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is COVID-19 primarily transmitted?

<p>Via respiratory droplets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended action after coughing or sneezing?

<p>Perform hand hygiene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is associated with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

<p>Staphylococcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with hospitalized COVID-19 patients?

<p>Skin rash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical therapy intervention aimed specifically at improving respiratory function?

<p>Breathing control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as needing consideration when tailoring physical therapist management?

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can the hepatitis B virus survive outside the body?

<p>One week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the hepatitis B vaccine?

<p>It is not available, but it can prevent the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about AIDS is correct?

<p>Certain drug regimens can slow down the disease process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about blood and body fluids in healthcare settings?

<p>They are assumed to contain infectious agents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical therapy intervention focuses on mobility from a stationary position?

<p>Bed mobility activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus when managing patients with severe or critical illness?

<p>Tailoring interventions to individual needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'active mobilization' refer to in physical therapy?

<p>Exercises performed by the patient actively moving their limbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precautions should be taken until 5 days after the onset of swelling?

<p>Use precautions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with Neisseria meningitidis, what is recommended during transport?

<p>Mask the patient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should droplet precautions be lifted for a patient with Neisseria meningitidis?

<p>After 24 hours of effective therapy initiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum time frame to observe precautions after the onset of swelling?

<p>5 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of precautions apply for patients with Neisseria meningitidis?

<p>Droplet precautions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for using precautions during patient transport?

<p>To prevent infection spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding mask use with Neisseria meningitidis patients?

<p>Both staff and patient should wear masks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 24-hour rule regarding droplet precautions?

<p>Shows the effectiveness of therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial action should be taken for patients with symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis?

<p>Notify infection control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What duration of monitoring is typically required for droplet precautions to remain in effect?

<p>24 hours post therapy initiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

Infections acquired while receiving medical care in a healthcare setting.

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HCAP)

Pneumonia acquired in a healthcare setting.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Pneumonia acquired outside of a healthcare setting.

Standard Precautions

Basic infection control measures to prevent the spread of infections.

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Hand Hygiene

Washing or sanitizing hands frequently to reduce the spread of germs.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare workers to prevent transmission of pathogens.

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Infection Transmission

The methods by which pathogens spread between people or the environment.

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Body's Defense Mechanisms

The body's natural ways of fighting infection.

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Emerging Pathogens

New or re-emerging infectious agents harmful to human health.

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SARS-CoV-2

The novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

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COVID-19 Transmission

Spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs, sneezes, or talking.

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Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette

Practices like covering coughs and sneezes to prevent spreading infection.

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PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Protective gear, like masks and gowns, worn by healthcare workers to prevent infection.

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Pandemic

Global spread of a new disease.

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COVID-19 Pandemic Declaration

WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on March 11, 2020.

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SARS-CoV

The coronavirus causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

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Cloth Face Mask

Recommended by CDC for healthcare facilities to prevent COVID-19 spread in 2020.

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Contaminated Surfaces

Surfaces that could carry infectious agents.

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COVID-19 PT Interventions

Physical therapy interventions for hospitalized COVID-19 patients may include breathing exercises, airway clearance techniques, respiratory muscle strengthening, active mobilization, and activities of daily living training. These interventions are tailored to the individual patient's needs.

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AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It weakens the immune system, making the body susceptible to various infections.

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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through contact with bodily fluids.

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Why are Standard Precautions important?

Standard Precautions are critical to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings. They protect healthcare workers, patients, and visitors.

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How long can Hepatitis B survive outside the body?

The Hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body for at least 7 days, remaining capable of causing infection.

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Why are sterile techniques important?

Sterile techniques are vital to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially those spread through bodily fluids. They minimize the risk of contamination during procedures and care.

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What precautions should be taken with AIDS and Hepatitis B?

Due to the risk of transmission, healthcare workers and individuals with close contact with AIDS or Hepatitis B patients should exercise caution during contact. This involves using Standard Precautions and appropriate personal protective equipment.

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What is the role of cleanliness in infection prevention?

Maintaining cleanliness in healthcare settings is crucial for preventing infection transmission. This includes hand hygiene, proper cleaning of surfaces, and appropriate disposal of contaminated materials.

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Why are drug regimens used for AIDS?

Drug regimens are used for AIDS to slow down the disease process. They suppress the HIV virus, reducing its replication and delaying the progression of the disease.

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Neisseria meningitidis

A type of bacteria that can cause serious infections like meningitis and sepsis.

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Droplet Precautions

Infection control measures used for diseases spread through respiratory droplets, like coughing or sneezing.

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Mask Patient

Wearing a mask on a patient to prevent spreading respiratory infections.

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Transport

Moving a patient from one place to another.

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Effective Therapy

Treatment that successfully eliminates the infection or disease.

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Initiation of Therapy

The start of the treatment plan for an infection.

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24 Hours

A full day, 24 hours.

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5 Days

A timeframe of five days.

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Onset of Swelling

The start of swelling in a particular area.

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Use Precautions

Following infection control measures to prevent disease spread.

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Airborne Precautions

Special infection control measures used to prevent the spread of airborne germs like chickenpox, measles, and tuberculosis. This includes isolating the patient in a private room with negative airflow and using respiratory protection for healthcare workers.

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Contact Precautions

Infection control measures used to prevent the spread of germs that can be transmitted through direct contact with the patient, their bodily fluids, or their environment. This includes wearing gloves, a gown, and sometimes a mask.

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Private Room with Negative Airflow

A room designed to minimize the spread of airborne infections. Air is pulled out of the room and exhausted to the outside, preventing contaminated air from spreading to other areas.

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N95 Respirator

A type of respiratory protection that filters out at least 95% of airborne particles, providing more protection than a surgical mask.

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Minimizing Transport of Patient

Limiting the movement of a patient with an infectious disease to reduce the risk of spreading germs to others.

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Duration of Illness Plus

The time a patient stays in isolation includes the entire duration of their illness, plus an additional period to ensure they are no longer contagious.

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Study Notes

Learner Objectives

  • Students will be able to discuss infection, including entry and transmission methods.
  • Students will be able to describe the body's defenses against infection.
  • Students will be able to recognize systemic and local signs of infection.
  • Students will be able to describe infections associated with specific microorganisms (e.g., MRSA, C-diff, Pseudomonas, HIV, COVID).
  • Students will be able to determine when to use universal precautions, standard precautions, and isolation procedures.
  • Students will be able to identify common skin rashes and appropriate precautions.

Health Care-Associated Infections

  • In 2015-2016, 1 in 31 hospital patients experienced a health care-associated infection (HCAI).
  • HCIs are the 4th leading cause of death in the US.
  • HCAI includes Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) and Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP).

Standard Precautions

  • Frequent handwashing/handrubbing is crucial before and after each patient contact.
  • Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used including shoe coverings, gloves, gowns, eye protection (goggles/face shield), and a head covering (may vary).
  • Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette must be followed.
  • Appropriate patient placement is essential.
  • Proper handling of patient care equipment, instruments, and devices, as well as environmental cleaning, are critical.
  • Safe handling of textiles and laundry.
  • Safe injection practices.
  • Ensure health worker safety during sharps handling.

Emerging Pathogens

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) - viral respiratory illness.
  • COVID-19 - viral respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2.
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).
  • Avian influenza.
  • Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
  • Clostridium difficile (C-diff).
  • Ebola virus.
  • Zika virus.
  • Noroviruses.

Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette

  • Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue while coughing or sneezing.
  • Dispose of used tissues properly.
  • Cough or sneeze into your elbow or upper sleeve if no tissue is available.
  • Perform hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions.
  • Try to avoid contact with people who have respiratory infections, ideally 6 feet apart.
  • Using face masks in healthcare settings.

COVID-19 Pandemic

  • Declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020.
  • Originated December 2019 in Wuhan, China.
  • Respiratory droplets spread the virus.
  • People who are not showing symptoms can still transmit the virus.

Hospitalized COVID-19 Patient Management

  • Physical therapists should tailor interventions based on the patient's needs, considering frequency, intensity, type, and timing.
  • Interventions should be customized for patients with critical illness, age over 70, obesity, comorbidities, and other complications.

Handwashing for Medical Asepsis

  • Remove jewelry.
  • Adjust the sink temperature to a warm level.
  • Wet hands using cold or lukewarm water.
  • Apply soap and vigorously scrub for at least 40-60 seconds, focusing on all surfaces.
  • Rinse hands from wrists to fingertips, avoiding spreading the soap to unwashed areas.
  • Dry hands with a disposable paper towel.

Handwashing for Surgical Asepsis

  • Similarly to Medical Asepsis, but also including forearms up to 3 inches above the elbow, for a minimum of 7 minutes.

Infection and Body Defense Mechanisms

  • The body's defense against infection is described graphically, showing the first, second, and third lines of defense, including phagocytes, antibodies, and immune cells.
  • Systemic and local symptoms of infection, such as chills sweating, cough changes, mouth sores, shortness of breath, nasal congestion, stiff neck, pain with urination, unusual vaginal discharge, or irritation, increased urination, and various bodily reactions are discussed.

Shock (Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, Septic)

  • Details on characteristics associated with each type of Shock are visually represented with a table showing various characteristics associated with each category of Shock.

Additional Crucial Terms

  • Asepsis
  • Contamination
  • Decontamination
  • Disinfection
  • Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs)
  • Hepatitis
  • Infection
  • Isolation
  • Medical Asepsis
  • Microorganism
  • Pathogen
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
  • Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette

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Unit 7 - Introduction to Acute Care - Infection Control PDF

Description

Test your understanding of infection transmission, body defenses, and infection signs related to common microorganisms. This quiz also covers health care-associated infections and the precautions necessary to prevent them. Perfect for students in healthcare programs.

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