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Questions and Answers
What immediate action should be taken for a baby or child who is not breathing?
What immediate action should be taken for a baby or child who is not breathing?
In a secondary survey, which of the following is NOT assessed?
In a secondary survey, which of the following is NOT assessed?
Which acronym guides the questioning of a casualty during the secondary survey?
Which acronym guides the questioning of a casualty during the secondary survey?
During a head-to-toe survey, what should you check first?
During a head-to-toe survey, what should you check first?
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What should you do if during a secondary survey, a casualty reports feeling dizzy and nauseous?
What should you do if during a secondary survey, a casualty reports feeling dizzy and nauseous?
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During CPR for a drowning victim, what is the initial step that differs from other situations?
During CPR for a drowning victim, what is the initial step that differs from other situations?
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What is the primary goal of conducting a secondary survey?
What is the primary goal of conducting a secondary survey?
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Which of the following actions is recommended during a pandemic concerning CPR?
Which of the following actions is recommended during a pandemic concerning CPR?
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What should be done if a child starts to respond, move, or breathe normally during CPR?
What should be done if a child starts to respond, move, or breathe normally during CPR?
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What is the recommended rate for performing chest compressions on a child?
What is the recommended rate for performing chest compressions on a child?
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If you are alone, how long should you perform CPR before calling for help?
If you are alone, how long should you perform CPR before calling for help?
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During rescue breaths for a baby, what is crucial to ensure effective ventilation?
During rescue breaths for a baby, what is crucial to ensure effective ventilation?
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When performing chest compressions, where should your fingertips be placed?
When performing chest compressions, where should your fingertips be placed?
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What is the maximum number of attempts you should make to give initial rescue breaths?
What is the maximum number of attempts you should make to give initial rescue breaths?
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What should be avoided when checking a baby’s airway?
What should be avoided when checking a baby’s airway?
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What must a health and safety policy include regarding responsibilities?
What must a health and safety policy include regarding responsibilities?
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What action should be taken with visible obstructions in a baby's mouth and nose?
What action should be taken with visible obstructions in a baby's mouth and nose?
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For organizations with five or more employees, what is required concerning the health and safety policy?
For organizations with five or more employees, what is required concerning the health and safety policy?
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What aspect should a health and safety policy primarily focus on?
What aspect should a health and safety policy primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT typically included in a health and safety policy?
Which of the following is NOT typically included in a health and safety policy?
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What should organizations with multiple sites use to manage health and safety policies?
What should organizations with multiple sites use to manage health and safety policies?
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Why should a health and safety policy be easy to understand?
Why should a health and safety policy be easy to understand?
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What is the commitment required under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974?
What is the commitment required under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974?
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What is one common method for distributing a health and safety policy in larger organizations?
What is one common method for distributing a health and safety policy in larger organizations?
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What is the first step in treating a choking adult who cannot cough or speak?
What is the first step in treating a choking adult who cannot cough or speak?
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When performing back blows on a choking adult, where should these blows be delivered?
When performing back blows on a choking adult, where should these blows be delivered?
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What should you avoid doing when checking an adult's mouth for obstructions?
What should you avoid doing when checking an adult's mouth for obstructions?
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What is the purpose of abdominal thrusts in the treatment of choking?
What is the purpose of abdominal thrusts in the treatment of choking?
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How should you position a baby when giving back blows for choking?
How should you position a baby when giving back blows for choking?
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What is the correct technique for administering chest thrusts to a choking infant?
What is the correct technique for administering chest thrusts to a choking infant?
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If a choking adult becomes unresponsive, what should you check for first?
If a choking adult becomes unresponsive, what should you check for first?
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What action should continue while waiting for emergency help during a choking situation?
What action should continue while waiting for emergency help during a choking situation?
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What should be done if the casualty’s condition gets worse despite using their inhaler?
What should be done if the casualty’s condition gets worse despite using their inhaler?
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What is the recommended action if a casualty becomes unresponsive and is breathing normally?
What is the recommended action if a casualty becomes unresponsive and is breathing normally?
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Which of the following conditions allows UK schools to use a salbutamol inhaler without a prescription?
Which of the following conditions allows UK schools to use a salbutamol inhaler without a prescription?
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What is a common sign of a minor allergic reaction?
What is a common sign of a minor allergic reaction?
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What is the proper protocol after assessing a casualty's allergic reaction?
What is the proper protocol after assessing a casualty's allergic reaction?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended action when performing CPR?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended action when performing CPR?
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When should a casualty repeat taking inhaler puffs during an asthma attack?
When should a casualty repeat taking inhaler puffs during an asthma attack?
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What is the primary aim when treating minor allergic reactions?
What is the primary aim when treating minor allergic reactions?
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Which symptom is most indicative of hyperventilation rather than asthma?
Which symptom is most indicative of hyperventilation rather than asthma?
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What is a recommended initial response when a person is hyperventilating?
What is a recommended initial response when a person is hyperventilating?
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What distinguishes wet drowning from dry drowning?
What distinguishes wet drowning from dry drowning?
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What factor influences the depth and severity of a burn?
What factor influences the depth and severity of a burn?
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What misconception about drowning victims is commonly held?
What misconception about drowning victims is commonly held?
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Which type of burn affects only the outer epidermis layer?
Which type of burn affects only the outer epidermis layer?
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What should be done if a drowning casualty appears to have recovered but was previously in distress?
What should be done if a drowning casualty appears to have recovered but was previously in distress?
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Which group of individuals typically experiences a longer healing time for burns?
Which group of individuals typically experiences a longer healing time for burns?
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What technique can help calm someone who is hyperventilating?
What technique can help calm someone who is hyperventilating?
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What is a common complication of electrical burns?
What is a common complication of electrical burns?
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What is a common sign of secondary drowning that might appear hours after the incident?
What is a common sign of secondary drowning that might appear hours after the incident?
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How does the location of a burn, particularly inhalation of hot gases, affect severity?
How does the location of a burn, particularly inhalation of hot gases, affect severity?
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Which approach is NOT appropriate when treating a person who is hyperventilating?
Which approach is NOT appropriate when treating a person who is hyperventilating?
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Which description best fits a full thickness burn?
Which description best fits a full thickness burn?
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What aspect of age affects a child's response to burning temperatures?
What aspect of age affects a child's response to burning temperatures?
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What occurs during inhalation in the thoracic cavity?
What occurs during inhalation in the thoracic cavity?
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What is a potential complication associated with chemical burns from substances like hydrofluoric acid?
What is a potential complication associated with chemical burns from substances like hydrofluoric acid?
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What is the primary function of the serous fluid in the pleura?
What is the primary function of the serous fluid in the pleura?
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Which of the following symptoms indicates a person is choking?
Which of the following symptoms indicates a person is choking?
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What is the position of the casualty during back slaps for choking treatment?
What is the position of the casualty during back slaps for choking treatment?
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What is the first step if back slaps do not dislodge the obstruction in a choking scenario?
What is the first step if back slaps do not dislodge the obstruction in a choking scenario?
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How should your fist be positioned during the Heimlich manoeuvre?
How should your fist be positioned during the Heimlich manoeuvre?
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What should you continuously check between abdominal thrusts?
What should you continuously check between abdominal thrusts?
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In case the choking casualty becomes unresponsive, what is the priority action?
In case the choking casualty becomes unresponsive, what is the priority action?
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What is a characteristic of a wound to a major artery?
What is a characteristic of a wound to a major artery?
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What distinguishes venous wounds from arterial wounds?
What distinguishes venous wounds from arterial wounds?
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What is a common feature of capillary bleeds?
What is a common feature of capillary bleeds?
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What is critical to ensure when dealing with your own wounds during first aid?
What is critical to ensure when dealing with your own wounds during first aid?
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If a casualty has lost more than 10% of their blood, what immediate treatment is necessary?
If a casualty has lost more than 10% of their blood, what immediate treatment is necessary?
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What precaution should be taken when cleaning up bodily fluids after administering first aid?
What precaution should be taken when cleaning up bodily fluids after administering first aid?
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When dealing with dressings or towels used to clean up bodily fluids, what is the recommended disposal method?
When dealing with dressings or towels used to clean up bodily fluids, what is the recommended disposal method?
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What is a potential consequence of losing 30% of blood volume?
What is a potential consequence of losing 30% of blood volume?
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What is the recommended first aid action to take for a chemical burn caused by dry powder?
What is the recommended first aid action to take for a chemical burn caused by dry powder?
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Which of the following is a critical step when dealing with a chemical burn on the skin?
Which of the following is a critical step when dealing with a chemical burn on the skin?
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What is advisable to do if a chemical has entered the casualty’s eye?
What is advisable to do if a chemical has entered the casualty’s eye?
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What should be done for minor radiation burns according to the recommendations?
What should be done for minor radiation burns according to the recommendations?
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When is it necessary to seek medical advice for a burn?
When is it necessary to seek medical advice for a burn?
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What is an important factor when washing off chemicals from the skin?
What is an important factor when washing off chemicals from the skin?
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What action is necessary after treating a chemical burn?
What action is necessary after treating a chemical burn?
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What should a first aider do if a chemical cannot be diluted with water?
What should a first aider do if a chemical cannot be diluted with water?
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Study Notes
Health and Safety Policy
- Organizations must have a health and safety policy tailored to their specific needs.
- This policy outlines the organization's strategy for managing health and safety for employees and visitors.
- It includes clear arrangements on actions, responsibilities, and timescales.
- Larger organizations may have a corporate policy with site-specific details.
- Organizations with 5 or more employees must have a written policy readily available to all staff.
- The policy should be easy to understand and communicate management's commitment to health and safety.
- It should include the job titles of key personnel responsible for health and safety, a commitment to the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, and specific policies and targets.
CPR
- For an unresponsive child or baby with no normal breathing follow DRABC protocol.
- Give 5 rescue breaths before starting chest compressions if a baby has drowned.
- If alone with a baby perform CPR for 1 minute before calling for help.
- Perform chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute for an adult.
- If unable to give rescue breaths, perform only chest compressions.
Secondary Survey
- After initial emergency treatment, conduct a secondary survey.
- This includes gathering history, observing signs and symptoms, and conducting a methodical physical examination.
- Ask questions related to allergies (A), medication (M), previous medical conditions (P), last meal (L), and event history (E).
Head-to-Toe Survey
- Perform a head-to-toe survey while communicating with the casualty.
- Examine the scalp, ears, eyes, nose, and mouth for signs of injury.
- Check breathing rate and depth.
- Remove dentures only if loose.
Choking
- Encourage the casualty to cough.
- If coughing doesn't clear the obstruction, give up to 5 back blows.
- If choking persists, give up to 5 abdominal thrusts.
- If there's no improvement, call 999 or 112.
- If the casualty becomes unresponsive, follow further instructions and perform CPR if necessary.
Baby CPR
- Follow DRABC protocol.
- If unresponsive and not breathing, give 5 initial rescue breaths.
- Start chest compressions with two fingertips on the center of the chest.
- Avoid applying pressure to ribs, the breastbone, or the upper abdomen.
Baby Choking
- For a choking baby, lie them face down on your thigh and give up to 5 back blows.
- Turn the infant over onto your other thigh and check for obstructions.
- If choking persists, give up to 5 chest thrusts.
- Continue with back blows and chest thrusts until medical help arrives.
Salbutamol Inhalers in Schools
- Since October 1, 2014, UK schools can purchase salbutamol inhalers without a prescription for emergencies.
- Written parental consent is required for use.
- The inhaler is only for children with diagnosed asthma or prescribed an inhaler as reliever medication.
Allergic Reactions
- An allergic reaction is an abnormal sensitivity to a trigger.
- Minor reactions may include rash, wheezing, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- Treat symptoms and advise the casualty to seek medical attention if necessary.
Respiratory System
- Diaphragm flattens and chest walls expand to increase thoracic cavity size, creating a void that draws air in
- The lungs are encased in a two-layered membrane called the 'pleura'
- Between the pleura layers is 'serous fluid', which allows the chest walls to move without friction
- Ribs connect to the sternum (breastbone), protecting the thoracic cavity
- Normal respiratory rates are:
- Adult: 12-20 breaths per minute
- Child: 20-40 breaths per minute
- Baby: 30-60 breaths per minute
Choking
- Choking is a common occurrence, and can be fatal if not treated properly
- Signs and symptoms:
- Casualty is unable to talk, breathe, or cough
- May be gasping and clutching their throat
- May appear distressed
- May become pale and show signs of cyanosis in later stages
- May become unconscious
- Treatment for adult or child over 1 year:
- Ask if they are choking to confirm
- Encourage them to cough, as it may dislodge minor obstructions
- If coughing doesn't work, follow these steps:
- Back slaps: Bend the casualty forward at the waist, find the hollow spot between the shoulder blades, administer five firm slaps with the open hand, check between blows if the obstruction has dislodged.
- Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich Manoeuvre): Stand behind the casualty, place both arms around their waist, make a fist and place it just below the casualty’s ribs, grasp your fist with your free hand and pull in sharply, repeat up to five times, checking between each thrust if the obstruction has dislodged.
Hyperventilation
- Can be brought on by anxiety, panic attack, a sudden fright, or after using an inhaler for asthma
- Can be confused with an asthma attack, but differs in that hyperventilating casualties take in large amounts of air, while asthma sufferers breathe tightly and wheeze
- Signs and symptoms:
- Unnaturally fast deep breathing
- Dizziness and faintness
- Complaining of a ‘tight’ chest
- Cramping in the hands and feet
- Flush skin, no signs of cyanosis
- Pins and needles in the arms and hands
- Feeling unable to breathe
- Prolonged hyperventilation may result in passing out and stopping breathing for up to 30 seconds
- Treatment:
- Reassure the casualty, but be firm and stay calm
- Move them to a quiet, isolated area
- Explain to the casualty that they are hyperventilating and need to calm down
- Coach their breathing, slowing it and calming them
- Ask the casualty to take tiny sips of water to reduce the amount of breaths they can take
- Ask them to breathe through their nose, as this reduces the loss of carbon dioxide
- If the attack continues or you are in doubt, seek medical advice.
Drowning
- It's a misconception that drowning victims breathe in a large amount of water
- 90% of drowning fatalities are caused by a relatively small amount of water in the lungs interfering with oxygen exchange (wet drowning)
- 10% are caused by spasms in the muscles near the epiglottis and larynx blocking the airway (dry drowning)
- The casualty will have swallowed a large amount of water, which may be vomited during resuscitation
- Drowning can be influenced by alcohol, hypothermia, or medical conditions like heart attack or epilepsy
- Secondary drowning: Happens when a small amount of water is taken into the lungs causing irritation and fluid to be drawn from the blood into the alveoli. This can happen hours after a near drowning, and the casualty may relapse after appearing to have recovered fully. Any drowning casualty who has been resuscitated should be taken to hospital as a matter of urgency.
Wound to a Major Artery
- Blood may 'spurt' several meters instantly, with the blood volume rapidly reducing
- The blood is bright red due to high oxygenation, but this can be difficult to assess
- More important is how the wound is bleeding rather than the color of the blood
Venous Wounds
- Damage to veins that carry blood not under direct pressure from the heart, but may carry the same volume of blood as the arteries
- Wound may 'ooze' profusely
Capillary Bleeds
- Occur in all wounds, may appear fast at first but blood loss is slight and easily controlled
- Bleeding is described as a 'trickle'
Dealing with Wounds Hygienically
- Protect yourself by covering any cuts or abrasions with a waterproof dressing, especially on hands or arms
- Wear disposable gloves and apron when administering first aid to wounds
- Use specific cleaning products for bodily fluids, always following the instructions and use disposable towels
- Dispose of soiled dressings or disposable towels in a yellow 'clinical waste' container
- Wash your hands thoroughly before and after dealing with a casualty
- If dealing with body fluids regularly, ask your doctor about vaccination against hepatitis B
Effects of Blood Loss
- The table shows the effects, signs, and symptoms of blood loss based on percentage of blood lost
- Casualty who has lost 30% blood is in critical condition and will deteriorate rapidly
- Blood vessels cannot constrict anymore and the heart cannot beat any faster, so their blood pressure will fall, resulting in unconsciousness and death
- Any casualty who has lost over 10% of their blood should be treated for shock
Burns
- Severity of burns is influenced by:
- Cause: Electrical burns may leave internal burns, chemicals can cause poisoning as an added complication
- Age: Babies and children burn at a lower temperature than adults, the elderly take longer to heal and are more susceptible to infection
- Location: Inhaling hot gases can burn the airway causing instant death, burns to the eye can result in permanent blindness
- Depth: Deeper the burn, more severe it is
Depth of Burns
- Skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat
- Burn depths:
- Superficial: Only affects the outer epidermis layer, looks sore, red, and swollen
- Intermediate: Affects both epidermis and dermis, looks raw and blisters will form
- Full thickness: Burns both epidermis and dermis away completely, leaving exposed subcutaneous fat or beyond. May appear pale, charred, or waxy, nerve endings are burned so pain may be absent
Causes of Burns and Treatment
- Can be separated into five different areas, with slightly different treatments depending on the cause:
- Electrical Burns: Caused by heat from an electrical charge flowing through bodily tissue. May be able to determine entry and exit points, but there will certainly be deep internal burns not visible to the eye. Extent of internal damage can be guessed by severity of entry and exit burns. Electric shock may cause cardiac arrest, so be prepared to perform CPR.
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Chemical Burns: Caused by chemicals coming into contact with skin that corrode, create heat, or both. It's essential to learn the correct first aid procedures for various chemicals as treatment differs.
- Ensure the area is safe, contain the chemical, and avoid contact with it.
- If chemical is a dry powder, brush it off the casualty’s skin before treatment.
- Wash the chemicals off the skin with lots of cold running water for at least 20 minutes, being careful not to wash the chemical onto unaffected areas of the body.
- Dial 999 for an ambulance immediately, noting the chemical and giving this information to the operator.
- Carefully remove contaminated clothing while washing the burn.
- If chemical is in the casualty's eye, wash it as recommended, ensuring the water runs away from the uninjured eye.
- Some chemicals cannot be safely diluted with water, in which case an antidote should be available and you and other first aiders should be trained in its use.
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Radiation (Sun) Burns: Commonly seen as sunburn.
- Persuade the casualty to get out of the sun, preferably indoors.
- Give the casualty frequent sips of water to stave off heat exhaustion.
- Cool the burns with cold water, using a cool shower or bath if burns are extensive.
- Seek medical advice for extensive and blistering burns.
- For mild burns, apply after sun cream or calamine lotion to soothe the area.
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Thermal Burns: Caused by heat from a flame, hot liquids, or steam.
- Carefully remove any rings, bracelets, or other restrictive jewelry.
- Cool the burn with cold running water for at least 20 minutes. Do not use ice or any type of oily substance.
- Cover the burn with a clean, damp cloth or dressing. Do not use cotton wool or anything that might stick to the wound.
- Seek medical advice if the burn is larger than 1 square inch, if the casualty is a baby or child, if the burn is all the way around a limb, if any part of the burn appears to be full thickness, if the burn is to the hands, feet, genitals, or face, or if you are unsure.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential components of health and safety policies within organizations, detailing their importance and required elements. It specifically addresses requirements for organizations of varying sizes and the role of management in communication and enforcement. Additionally, it briefly touches on CPR protocols for infants.
