Health and Life Expectancy Trends
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Questions and Answers

What primary reason contributed to the increase in life expectancy in the UK during the twentieth century?

  • Advances in medical technology and treatments (correct)
  • Increased understanding of psychological factors affecting health
  • Significant changes in dietary habits
  • Reduction in global health risks

Which model emphasizes the interactions between psychological and social factors in health?

  • Biomedical model
  • Ecological model
  • Cultural model
  • Biopsychosocial model (correct)

What factor is considered a significant contributor to gender differences in life expectancy?

  • Healthcare access based solely on geography
  • Variation in nutritional consumption
  • Differences in physical activity levels
  • Sociocultural expectations regarding health-seeking behavior (correct)

Which country has historically maintained the longest life expectancy?

<p>Japan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could best explain the variance in health and illness belief systems across different populations?

<p>Age, cultural norms, and health status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key critique of the belief that increased life expectancy directly translates to improved health outcomes?

<p>Understanding behavior alone does not guarantee health improvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant health development that increased the perception of medicine's efficacy in the mid-20th century?

<p>The introduction of antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group demonstrated earlier healthcare-seeking behavior according to observed trends?

<p>Females of all ages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2020, excluding lung cancer?

<p>Ischaemic heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Europe, what percentage of all deaths were attributed to circulatory diseases in 2020?

<p>37% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease had the highest number of deaths reported in Europe in 2020?

<p>Cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the number of deaths caused by COPD worldwide in 2020?

<p>3 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is responsible for 2% of all deaths in the European region?

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many deaths resulted from neonatal conditions worldwide in 2020?

<p>2.1 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of global deaths in 2020, which of the following accounted for 1.4 million deaths?

<p>Diabetes mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease category had a higher death count than Alzheimer's disease and dementias in the worldwide statistics?

<p>Lower respiratory infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dualistic thinking' refer to in the context of health?

<p>The idea that mind and body function independently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hippocrates attributed health and disease to the balance of which of the following?

<p>Humours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge in measuring health according to different perspectives?

<p>Cultural interpretations of health may vary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The root word of health, 'wholeness', suggests what view of health?

<p>Health encompasses both mind and body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical figure is known for linking mind and body in health concepts?

<p>Hippocrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the term 'humoral theory' in relation to health?

<p>The balance of bodily fluids affects health outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs is connected to the linguistic roots of health?

<p>Holy and healthy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of societal view on health is highlighted in discussions of gender, particularly in driving?

<p>Societal stereotypes impact perceptions of health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural values and religious beliefs impact health professionals' promotion of health responses?

<p>They partially determine the approaches to symptoms management. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing the interaction affecting the developmental process?

<p>The combination of learning, experience, and maturation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social exclusion indicate regarding health outcomes among minority cultures and older individuals?

<p>It serves as both a predictor and an outcome of poor health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally recommended for those interested in understanding health perceptions related to lifespan issues?

<p>Consult a developmental health psychology text. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'typical' cognitive and psychosocial development is relevant in what context according to the content?

<p>When there are disruptions due to illness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the learning factor in the developmental process signify?

<p>A permanent change in knowledge due to experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of maturation is highlighted in the content regarding the developmental process?

<p>It is determined by a genetic sequence of development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant insight related to social inequalities in health as mentioned in the content?

<p>They highlight the importance of understanding developmental theories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the symbolic thought developed during the preoperational stage in children?

<p>To aid in the understanding of symbolic representations and imagination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive development stage allows children to perform mental operations such as basic arithmetic?

<p>Concrete operational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive functioning impact an individual's healthcare interaction?

<p>It determines how they understand and report medical information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget's theory?

<p>Understanding the world through sensations and motor actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive limitation could hinder a person's interaction in social situations?

<p>Limited language skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development is emphasized in the concrete operational stage?

<p>Performance of logical operations and problem-solving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the early maturational framework primarily help in understanding?

<p>The sequential stages of cognitive and intellectual development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences children's development of language according to the information provided?

<p>Their engagement with social interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of illness understanding in children under 7 years old?

<p>Explanations are based on associations without a grasp of cause and effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bibace and Walsh’s findings, what approach do children begin to take in the concrete operational stage regarding their illness?

<p>Critique medical actions and consider personal agency in treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor for parents when managing a sick child's health according to the content?

<p>To balance health monitoring with fostering independence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of children's understanding of illness develops alongside their attribution for causes of illness?

<p>The ability to express fears related to illness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation in illness understanding is prevalent in children around 4 years old?

<p>Reliance on associations rather than causal explanations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the development of illness concepts, what role can personal control over treatment play for children?

<p>It helps children cope with their illness more effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the critical examination of medical staff actions by children signify in their development?

<p>A growing capability for independent decision-making and critical thinking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might discourage a child's social and cognitive development according to the content?

<p>Overprotectiveness from parents when they are sick. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Life expectancy increase

Life expectancy has risen significantly in Western countries during the 20th century, partly due to advancements in medical technologies.

Western belief in medicine

Western cultures generally trusted traditional medicine to cure illness, especially after the widespread availability of antibiotics.

Antibiotics impact

The introduction of antibiotics in the 1940s significantly impacted health belief systems in Western cultures.

Health risks & behaviour

Exposure to health risks and specific behaviors contribute to gender disparities in life expectancy, possibly influenced by healthcare-seeking behaviors.

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Biomedical model

A model emphasizing biological/physical aspects of illness. Focuses primarily on physical factors.

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Biopsychosocial model

A model of illness that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in health and disease.

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Health beliefs variation

Health and illness beliefs differ according to factors like age, culture, and health status.

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Health psychology research

Health psychology examines questions about factors that affect health

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Leading cause of death (worldwide)

Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and lower respiratory infections are among the top global causes of death, according to WHO 2020 data.

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Leading causes of death in Europe (2020)

Circulatory diseases (heart disease and stroke), cancers, and respiratory diseases (like COPD) are prominent causes of death in Europe, according to Eurostat 2020.

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Circulatory diseases

Refer to diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, including heart disease and stroke.

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Cancers

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, affecting various organs and tissues in the body.

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Respiratory diseases

Conditions that affect the lungs and airways, including COPD and pneumonia.

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Alzheimer's Disease and dementias

Conditions that cause progressive mental decline, including memory loss and cognitive impairment.

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Main causes of death in EU countries (2017)

This chart emphasizes circulatory system diseases, cancers, and respiratory diseases as major causes in the European Union countries, Eurostat data from 2017.

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Neonatal conditions

Conditions affecting newborns that result in death.

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Mind-Body Relationship

The connection between our mental and physical states, influencing health and well-being.

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Dualistic Thinking

Viewing the mind and body as separate entities, with one influencing the other.

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Humoral Theory

Ancient Greek belief that health depends on the balance of four bodily fluids: yellow bile, phlegm, blood, and black bile.

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Health Perspectives

Different ways people understand and define health, shaped by factors like culture, age, and social class.

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Health as Wholeness

A view of health where well-being encompasses physical, mental, and social aspects.

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Early Health Beliefs

Ancient concepts of health often linked it to spiritual harmony or divine intervention.

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Health Psychology

The study of how psychological factors affect health and illness.

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Influence of Theories on Health

Belief systems and theories about health shape our understanding of illness and treatment.

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Cultural Influence on Health Beliefs

The way people perceive health and illness is shaped by their cultural values and religious beliefs, which can influence how they respond to symptoms and use healthcare.

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Illness Discourse

The way we talk about and understand illness is influenced by dominant cultural ideas about health and illness.

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Social Exclusion and Health

Being socially excluded can negatively impact health, and poor health can also contribute to social exclusion, creating a cycle.

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Lifespan Development and Health

Understanding typical cognitive and psychosocial development across the lifespan helps healthcare professionals address health issues that disrupt this development.

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Learning, Experience, and Maturation

These three factors interact to shape our development throughout our lives.

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What is Learning?

Learning is a permanent change in knowledge, skill, or ability resulting from experiences.

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What is Experience?

Experience is the sum of our interactions with the world, including what we see, hear, feel, think, and do.

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What is Maturation?

Maturation is the biological development of our bodies and minds, guided by genetic factors.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

A theory outlining four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage represents different thinking abilities and how children understand the world.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage (birth to 2 years) where infants explore the world through senses and actions. They develop object permanence, meaning they understand that things still exist even when they can't be seen.

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Preoperational Stage

The second stage (2 to 7 years) where children develop symbolic thinking, allowing for imagination and language. They struggle with understanding the world from others' viewpoints (egocentrism).

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Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage (7 to 11 years) where children gain the ability to think logically about concrete objects. They understand conservation, meaning the quantity of something stays the same even if it's arranged differently.

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Formal Operational Stage

The final stage (11 years and up) where adolescents develop abstract thinking, allowing them to think hypothetically and reason about abstract concepts.

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Cognitive Functioning and Health

Deficits in cognitive abilities due to age, illness, or injury can impact an individual's ability to understand medical instructions, report symptoms, and engage in healthcare.

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Language Development and Health

Language skills are crucial for social development and how individuals express their health concerns and needs.

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Social Development and Health

Communication deficits or limitations can hinder a person's ability to socialize and seek help, affecting their overall health wellbeing.

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Illness Concept Development

How children understand illness progresses with age, from seeing it as magical to understanding cause and effect.

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Phenomenonism

The early stage of illness understanding, where a child sees illness as a sign or sound associated with it, lacking cause-and-effect understanding.

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Personal Control in Illnesses

Encouraging children to take control over their treatment and express fears helps them cope with illness.

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Overprotective Parents

Overprotective parents can negatively impact a child's social, cognitive, and personal development, potentially creating a sense of dependence and disability.

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Magical Thinking

Explanations for illness based on association, not cause and effect, common in young children.

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Developing Illness Concept

The process of understanding illness over time, from limited awareness in young children to more complex understanding in older children.

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Child's Role in Recovery

Children in the concrete operational stage begin to understand that their own actions contribute to their illness, not just the doctor's.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Health Psychology

  • The book is titled "Introduction to Health Psychology" Fifth Edition by Val Morrison and Paul Bennett.
  • It is published by Pearson.
  • Part I focuses on being and staying healthy.
  • Chapter 1 is titled "What is health?".
  • The learning outcomes for Chapter 1 include understanding key and current global health challenges, historical models of health, illness, and disability, biopsychosocial and biomedical models, the influence of lifestyle, culture, and health status, and how health surpasses the absence of physical disease.
  • Health is global, with growing diversity in national populations and varying healthcare investments, innovation, and availability, impacted by international air travel.
  • Global health approaches require cultural sensitivity and recognition of diverse explanatory models of health, illness, and healthcare.
  • A global health crisis exemplified COVID-19.
  • The WHO highlighted ten major health threats, including pollution, climate change, non-communicable diseases, physical inactivity, influenza pandemics, antimicrobial resistance, Ebola outbreaks, weak primary healthcare, vaccine hesitancy, fragile environments, drought, famine, conflict, and uncontrolled Dengue fever.
  • The book emphasizes the importance of global health, population diversity, and cultural sensitivity to understanding health, illness, and healthcare in an international context.

Health is global

  • Global health approaches necessitate understanding illness and healthcare within an international context.
  • Global health security awareness is crucial regarding emerging illnesses in different countries.

Behaviour, Death, and Disease

  • Life expectancy dramatically increased in the 20th century, associated with medical advancements.
  • Worldwide, the average life expectancy in 2018 was 72.56 years at birth (70.39 for males, 74.87 for females).
  • Variations in life expectancy exist between countries (e.g., Japan has high life expectancy, while Sierra Leone has low).
  • A significant portion of deaths worldwide are from circulatory diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, and Alzheimers/dementia.

Differences in Lifestyle and Diet

  • Obesity rates continue to rise, posing health risks for future generations.
  • Slowing declines in life expectancy are seen in several EU countries (e.g., UK, France, Germany, and Italy) since 2010.
  • Factors like austerity in health spending (UK) can play a part in this slowdown.
  • Healthy life expectancy differs from mere life expectancy.

What is Health?: Changing Perspectives

  • Health is commonly understood without realizing its different meanings across cultures, time periods, and socioeconomic groups.
  • The concept of "holism" (the interconnectedness of mind and body) plays a significant role in how a person understands their well-being.

Mind-Body Relationships

  • The ancient Greeks, such as Hippocrates, initially viewed the mind and body as interconnected, with bodily fluids (humors) playing a role in illness and health.
  • Later, thinkers like Galen expanded this concept.
  • The 18th and 19th centuries saw a shift towards viewing the body as a machine, with a focus on physical explanations for illness.

Biomedical Model of Illness

  • Health is defined as the absence of disease.
  • Symptoms of illness are viewed as symptoms of underlying pathology needing treatment or curing.

Challenging Dualism & Biopsychosocial Perspectives

  • The mind and body are understood to be connected and interact.
  • The biopsychosocial model recognizes interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.

Lay Theories of Health

  • People define health in a variety of ways including being well, having no symptoms, or being physically fit.
  • Different lay theories of health highlight how individuals consider their own health status.

Individual, Cultural and Lifespan Perspectives on Health

  • Health is culturally influenced reflecting varying cultural concepts, beliefs, and practices regarding wellness.
  • Health is often perceived as a holistic concept that encompasses physical, psychological, emotional, and social well-being, particularly by those in some cultures.
  • Health behaviours can be influenced considerably by factors like lifespan and culture.

Health Psychology

  • Health psychology is a discipline within psychology focusing on health, illness, and healthcare practices.
  • It adopts a biopsychosocial approach, considering biological, psychological, and social factors influencing health and illness.
  • It emphasizes a multifaceted view of health, recognizing both the mind-body connection and the external influences shaping health behaviours.

Lifespan, Ageing, and Beliefs About Health and Illness

  • Psychological well-being, and social, emotional, and mental health are influenced by diverse aspects of illness and treatment at all life stages.
  • There are unique developmental aspects to understandings/thinking about health and illness as people grow older.

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Health Psychology Chapter 1 PDF

Description

This quiz explores key factors that have influenced life expectancy and health perceptions in the UK and globally during the twentieth century. It covers topics such as gender differences, healthcare behavior, and criticisms regarding the relationship between life expectancy and health outcomes.

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