Questions and Answers
What are the types of agents that terrorism can include?
Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents.
What federal departments are responsible for emergency preparedness and response efforts in the US?
US Department of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services.
What is the responsibility of the DHS?
What does the term 'public health preparedness' refer to?
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The ability of the healthcare system to respond to health emergencies is known as medical preparedness.
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What major event prompted increased investment in emergency preparedness and response?
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What organization identified gaps in the country's ability to respond to health emergencies?
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What percentage of deaths in children is attributed to water-related diseases?
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80% of all illnesses in developing countries are caused by poor water quality and ______.
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How many people lack access to safe and clean drinking water globally?
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What is a significant difference in life expectancy between boys in high-income countries and those in low-income countries?
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Who is Robert Koch?
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Which event took place in 1856 in America related to public health?
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What did Dr. John Snow study?
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What is miasmas theory?
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What did the Shattuck health report outline?
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What marks the beginning of the modern era of public health?
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What is the bacteriological period of public health?
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The 20th century saw a life expectancy of less than 50 years.
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What significant act was passed in 1935 related to social issues?
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What was the primary purpose of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
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The behavior characterized by lack of exercise, unhealthy diets, smoking, uncontrolled hypertension, and inability to control stress is known as ______.
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What is the primary cause of missed days at school and work?
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Bioterrorism refers to the intentional release of biological agents to intimidate a civilian population.
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The government health insurance program for older adults and certain disabilities is called ______.
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The government health insurance program for the poor is referred to as ______.
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What act was released in 2011 to focus on prevention?
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Alcohol and drug abuse cause overall costs exceeding 700 billion dollars yearly.
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Lifestyle diseases are not preventable.
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What are health trends?
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What was the increase in life expectancy from 1900 to 2000?
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Which of the following are considered Great Public Health Achievements? (Select all that apply)
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What are some of the public health achievements in the US between 2001 and 2010?
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What is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the US?
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The health status of individuals is determined by various factors including __________.
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What is a community?
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How are communities characterized? (Select all that apply)
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What defines a healthy community?
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What does public health encompass?
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What factors affect the health status of a community?
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What is individual behavior's impact on community health?
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What is herd immunity?
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What defines community organizing?
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What is the effect of political decisions on community health?
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What are social norms?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Community & Public Health
- Significant advancements in health and life expectancy have been achieved since the 1900s, with high health status by the end of the 20th century.
Life Expectancy Trends
- Life expectancy at birth increased from 47 years in 1900 to 77 years in 2000, largely due to public health advances. Current life expectancy is about 78.8 years.
Ten Great Public Health Achievements
- Key achievements include:
- Vaccination programs
- Improved motor vehicle safety
- Safer workplaces
- Control of infectious diseases
- Reduced mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke
- Healthier food supply
- Improved maternal and infant health
- Access to family planning
- Fluoridation of public drinking water
- Acknowledgment of tobacco use as a health risk
Public Health Achievements (2001-2010)
- Noteworthy improvements:
- Decreased deaths and healthcare costs from vaccine-preventable diseases
- Enhanced control of infectious diseases
- 16.8% decline in adult smoking prevalence
- Improvements in maternal and infant screenings
- Decreased motor vehicle fatalities
- Lowered cardiovascular disease death rates
- Enhanced occupational safety
- Effective cancer screening initiatives
- Lead poisoning prevention efforts
- Enhanced public health preparedness post-9/11
Tobacco and Public Health
- Tobacco remains the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the US.
Health System Improvements
- Address health disparities and unhealthy behaviors that contribute to chronic diseases.
- Infrastructure needs modernization to enhance preparedness for disasters and public health threats.
Organized Community Action
- Community action is essential when health issues surpass individual resources, contributing to collective health improvements.
Definition of Health
- The World Health Organization (1946) defines health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, emphasizing resource availability and adaptability.
Dimensions of Health
- Health encompasses various dimensions: physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, and occupational.
Factors Affecting Health Status
- Health status is influenced by:
- Genetic and social factors
- Environmental conditions
- Personal behavior and access to medical care
Community Definitions and Characteristics
- A community consists of individuals with shared characteristics, including geography, interests, and values.
- Key features of communities include membership, shared symbols, values, mutual influence, a commitment to shared needs, and emotional connections.
Healthy Community Characteristics
- A healthy community supports self-assessment, public health resources, and accessible health services.
Public, Community, Population, and Global Health
- These terms relate to specific groups and the origins of health initiatives or actions.
Community Health Goals
- Community health refers to the health status and initiatives designed to protect and promote health within a specific group.
Population Health Definition
- Population health focuses on health outcomes and their distribution within a defined group.
Global Health Overview
- Global health addresses health issues that transcend national boundaries and require cooperative solutions.
Individual vs Community Health Activities
- Individual health activities involve personal health decisions, while community health activities focus on population-level health initiatives.
Influences on Community Health
- Community health is impacted by physical factors (geography, environment), social/cultural factors (beliefs, economy, politics, religion, social norms), and individual behaviors.
Economic and Political Factors
- Economic conditions and political decisions can significantly affect community health services and accessibility.
The Influence of Religion
- Religious beliefs can impact health behaviors, influencing community attitudes toward medical treatments and health practices.
Community Organizing
- Community organizing helps groups identify common health issues, mobilize resources, and implement collective strategies.
Individual Behavior and Health
- Individual actions, like wearing seatbelts or getting vaccinated, can greatly affect community health outcomes and disease spread.
Herd Immunity
- Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of the population is immune to an infectious agent, slowing its spread.
Historical Context of Public Health
- Given historical influences from ancient societies to modern practices, the evolution of public health has been shaped by various cultural, environmental, and scientific developments.
The Rise of Modern Public Health
- Beginning in the 1850s, significant public health advancements were made, including understanding disease causation and establishing health regulations and organizations.
Key Historical Figures and Concepts
- Dr. John Snow discovered the link between cholera and contaminated water.
- Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch contributed to germ theory and identified disease-causing microorganisms.
- The bacteriological period (1875-1900) marked the discovery of numerous bacterial diseases.
20th Century Health Developments
- Life expectancy fell below 50 years by the early 20th century, highlighting ongoing public health challenges.### Overview of Health and Disease (1900-Present)
- Leading causes of death historically included communicable diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gastrointestinal infections.
- Vitamin deficiencies in children led to noninfectious diarrhea and bone deformities; poor dental health and inadequate prenatal/postnatal care contributed to child mortality.
Heal Resources Development Period (1900-1960)
- Characterized by significant growth in healthcare facilities and providers across distinct phases: Reform Phase, the 1920s, the Great Depression and WWII, and Postwar years.
The Reform Phase (1900-1920)
- Social movements aimed at improving urban health conditions and workplace safety emerged.
- Urban population surged by 45% from 1860 to 1910 due to immigration, creating stark class divisions necessitating reform.
- Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" (1906) sparked regulations in the food industry, resulting in the Pure Food and Drugs Act.
- In 1917, the U.S. had one of the highest maternal death rates among progressive nations.
- Established occupational health initiatives included the first International Congress on Occupational Disease (1910) and the Workman's Compensation Act in NY.
- The National Association for the Study of TB was formed in 1902, marking the rise of national health volunteer organizations.
- Public health nursing began in New York (1902), leading to the creation of schools for public health, including Hopkins and Harvard in 1918 and 1923 respectively.
The 1920s
- This decade saw slow public health growth with limited funding and the establishment of the first health education specialist preparation program.
The Great Depression (1929-1935) & WWII
- Economic hardships forced individuals to rely on family, charities, and community support for social and medical services.
- FDR's New Deal initiated public health projects, including malaria control and hospital construction.
- The Social Security Act of 1935 signified governmental commitment to social health issues.
- The CDC was established during WWII as a response to emerging health threats.
Postwar Years
- A surge in concern about medical care adequacy and facility quality was evident.
- The Hill-Burton Act (1946) aimed at improving hospital distribution and quality, despite poor planning outcomes.
Period of Social Engineering (1960-1973)
- The federal government became more involved in health, establishing Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 to improve healthcare standards.
Period of Health Promotion (1974-Present)
- The mid-1970s marked health promotion as a priority in national health policy.
- The CDC's 1977 study identified lifestyle choices as primary contributors to premature deaths.
- "Healthy People" initiatives established national health goals and objectives periodically through the decades.
Communicable and Lifestyle Diseases
- Chronic illnesses are the leading cause of death in the U.S. with significant healthcare spending attributed to them.
- Risk factors include physical inactivity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Global Health Perspective
- Global life expectancy has improved but vast health divides still exist between income levels.
- Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of death in low-income countries.
Environmental and Social Factors
- Poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water contribute significantly to child mortality and illness, highlighting global health inequities.
- Public health preparedness and emergency response capabilities have evolved, especially post-9/11, focusing on disaster risk management.
Key Organizations and Strategies
- The National Prevention Strategy was developed to focus on health improvement and to reduce disparities.
- Collaborative efforts between federal agencies aim to enhance public health infrastructure.
Health Disparities
- Notable differences exist in health outcomes based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, caused by inadequate access to quality healthcare.
Emerging Health Concerns
- Issues such as bioterrorism, alcohol, and drug abuse remain pressing challenges for public health officials and require ongoing attention and strategic responses.
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Description
Explore key topics in Community and Public Health with these flashcards covering historical health trends and the evolution of life expectancy. This quiz focuses on progress made from the 1900s to today, emphasizing the impact of public health advances. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of public health concepts.
