Health and Hygiene: Human Body and Sanitation
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Questions and Answers

Why is it important for a first aider to have a basic idea of the structure and functioning of the human body?

To be able to render proper and timely first aid, which can save lives.

What are the main elements of good health?

Absence of disease, ability to work hard with efficiency and enthusiasm, ability to endure stress and strain, cheerfulness, courage, freedom from anxiety, self control and self confidence, sense of well being, wholesome mental attitude.

Which type of bones are long and tubular?

  • Irregular Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Long Bones (correct)

    • Which diseases belong to the group of Excremental Diseases?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voluntary muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can food-borne infections be controlled based on the content?

    <p>Standards of food hygiene, exclusion of sick persons, attention to personnel hygiene, hand washing, protection against flies/rodents, and refrigeration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main organs of the respiratory system include Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and the _?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organ systems with their main organs:

    <p>Circulatory System = Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Digestive System = Mouth, Salivary Glands, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine, Large Intestine Excretory System = Skin, Lungs, Kidneys, Gastrointestinal Tract Nervous System = Brain, Spinal Cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is essential for the disposal of liquid refuse like greasy water from the kitchen and waste water from bathrooms.

    <p>Soakage Pits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disease with its mode of transmission:

    <p>Malaria = Mosquito Tuberculosis = Droplet Infection Cholera = Water Borne Syphilis = Contact Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental health refers to the successful performance of mental functions only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can droplet infection be prevented according to the content?

    <p>Screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important method to prevent insect-borne diseases as per the content? Filling, leveling, and drainage of ________________.

    <p>breeding places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bathing with mild soap and warm water in winters and cool water in summers?

    <p>body cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods are used for water purification?

    <p>Precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disinfection using sunlight and air is a method mentioned in the content for preventing infections. Is this statement true or false?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The removal of suspended matter through filtration, by passing it through filter beds of gravel and sand is known as ____________.

    <p>clarification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sterilization of water is done using chlorine gas or bleaching powder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of food hygiene with their descriptions:

    <p>Milk Hygiene = Ensures clean and safe milk production and handling Meat Hygiene = Involves inspection of animals before slaughter to prevent diseases Egg Hygiene = Involves washing eggs before cooking to prevent contamination Fruits and Vegetables Hygiene = Involves washing raw produce before consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first aid treatment for a rabid dog bite?

    <p>Wash the bite area with lots of water and soap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main causes of Asphyxia as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Drowning, Hanging and Strangulation, Suffocation, Over dosage of drugs, Electric Shock, Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: First aid treatment for a foreign body in the ear includes trying to remove the object with a pin or forceps.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tissue and organs of the body are supplied with oxygen through __________, essential for the functioning of the body.

    <p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken in case of a fracture of the clavicle?

    <p>Support the arm of injured side by passing a narrow folded bandage under the arm pit and tying it on the back of the shoulder. Put a pad in arm pit, apply greater arm sling and fix the arm with a narrow fold bandage tied across the elbow to lower chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints are more frequently dislocated?

    <p>Shoulder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it essential for all human beings to take proper precautions whenever they hurt themselves?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A strain is the overstretching of a ____________.

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method should be used to stop bleeding in case of a wound?

    <p>Applying pressure to the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should solid food be served to a patient?

    <p>In an attractive manner, arranged attractively on a side table. One dish at a time, served hot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fracture is defined as a discontinuity or break in a ___________.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classifications of wounds with their descriptions:

    <p>Inside Wound = Wound caused by a sharp instrument with clean edges Lacerated Wound = Wound caused by a blunt instrument with torn or uneven edges Punctured Wound = Deep narrow wound caused by a pointed instrument, small on the surface but may be very deep Contusion = Injury in which tissues are torn or ruptured but the skin remains unbroken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractures caused by diseases of bones are easily preventable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a nurse in translating the course of treatment into action?

    <p>The nurse actually translates the course of treatment into action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the rules for applying a bandage? Bandage firmly from below upwards and from within outwards over the front of the ____.

    <p>limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What qualities should a good nurse possess?

    <p>Sympathy and Understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventilation means bringing inside a house or a place of work, plenty of sunlight.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pulse rate for an average adult?

    <p>72 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structure and Functioning of the Human Body

    • The human body is composed of 206 bones of various shapes and sizes, which provide shape, firmness, and protection to vital organs.
    • Bones can be classified into:
      • Long bones (e.g. upper and lower limbs)
      • Short bones (e.g. ankle and wrists)
      • Flat bones (e.g. cranium, shoulder, and hips)
      • Irregular bones (e.g. vertebral column)
      • Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)
    • Muscles form about half of the total body weight and are responsible for body movement.
    • Muscles can be classified into:
      • Voluntary/Skeletal muscles (attached to bones, form about 47% of body weight, and are either fiber type or striated type)
      • Involuntary muscles (controlled by the autonomic nervous system)
      • Cardiac muscles (structurally striated, form the main part of the heart wall)

    Organ Systems

    • Circulatory system:
      • Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
      • Heart pumps blood throughout the body, bringing oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products
      • Blood vessels are tube-like structures that carry blood (arteries, capillaries, and veins)
    • Respiratory system:
      • Involves the process of breathing, which absorbs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
      • Main organs include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
    • Digestive system:
      • Converts complex food substances into simple substances for absorption by the blood
      • Main organs include mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, and large intestine
    • Excretory system:
      • Removes waste products from the body
      • Main organs include skin, lungs, kidneys, and the gastro-intestinal tract
      • Urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

    Nervous System

    • Maintains internal balance of the body within normal limits
    • Divided into:
      • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
      • Peripheral nervous system (connections between central nervous system and organs and muscles)
      • Autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary functions of internal organs, such as stomach, intestine, and bladder)

    Hygiene and Sanitation

    • Hygiene:

      • Involves practices that maintain and promote individual health
      • Personal hygiene includes:
        • Sleep (7-8 hours a day)
        • Bathing (keeping skin clean and healthy)
        • Eating and drinking (properly cooked food, eating slowly, and chewing well)
        • Care and cleanliness of skin, hair, and teeth
        • Exercise (organized games and physical activity)
      • Water supply and purification:
        • Sources of water supply (rain, surface, and underground water)
        • Purification methods (boiling, filtering, clarification, sterilization, and pinking)

    • Food hygiene:

      • Involves prevention of contamination of food
      • Important components include:
        • Milk hygiene (animal health, milk handler, milk vessels, and water supply)
        • Meat hygiene (ante and post mortem inspection, slaughtering, and sale of meat)
        • Fish hygiene (freshness and handling of fish)
        • Egg hygiene (proper washing and handling of eggs)
        • Fruits and vegetables hygiene (washing and handling of fruits and vegetables)
        • Hygiene of eating places (location, floors, storage, and furniture)

    • Sanitation:

      • Involves removal of waste products and refuse
      • Types of waste products:
        • Human excreta
        • Stable litter
        • Dry refuse and garbage
        • Liquid wastes
        • Offensive trade wastes
      • Sources of refuse:
        • Street refuse
        • Market refuse
        • Stable litter
        • Industrial refuse
        • Domestic refuse
      • Collection and removal of refuse### Disposal of Refuse

    • Refuse is collected in covered wheel barrows or municipal vans to prevent blowing out by air.

    • Various methods for disposal of refuse:

      • Filling: utilizing refuse in filling up pits, unsanitary tanks, or reclaiming low land.
      • Controlled Tipping: sanitary landfill method, where suitable land is available.
      • Incineration: best for hospital refuse, which is particularly dangerous.
      • Composting: combined disposal of refuse and night soil or sludge.
      • Manure Pits: garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves are dumped into manure pits and covered with earth.
      • Burial: suitable for small camps, where a trench is excavated and filled with earth and composted.
      • Sorting: storing refuses in three separate parts for easy disposal: Breeze, Soft Core, and Hard Core.

    Disposal of Human Waste

    • Proper disposal of human night soil/excreta is essential for preventing communicable diseases and pollution.
    • Methods for disposal of human waste:
      • Sewered Areas: Flush Latrines, which imply ample supply of water to flush the night soil away.
      • Unsewered Areas: various types of latrines, such as:
        • Bore Hole Latrine: a circular hole dug vertically in the ground.
        • Dug Well Latrine: a circular pit dug into the ground.
        • Water Seal Latrine: performs two important functions, preventing access to flies and escape of foul odor.
      • Camp Latrines: Deep Trench Latrines and Shallow Trench Latrines.
      • Urinals: Funnel Urinals, which are constructed over a simple soakage pit.
      • Soakage Pits: essential for disposal of liquid refuse, such as greasy water and waste water.

    Hygiene and Sanitation

    • Hygiene and sanitation are two sides of a coin, essential for best results.
    • Simple steps, if taken regularly and correctly, can be beneficial to both individuals and the community.

    Physical and Mental Health

    • Health is defined as a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being.
    • Physical health is the absence of disease and infirmity, assessed by health state measurements of the body.
    • Elements of good health:
      • Absence of disease.
      • Ability to work hard with efficiency and enthusiasm.
      • Ability to endure stress and strain.
      • Cheerfulness.
      • Courage.
      • Freedom from anxiety.
      • Self-control and self-confidence.
      • Sense of well-being.
      • Wholesome mental attitude.
    • Mental health refers to the successful performance of mental functions, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and ability to adapt to change and cope with adversities.
    • Characteristics of a healthy mind:
      • Normal appetite.
      • Calmness.
      • Cheerful outlook.
      • Good temper.
      • Socially acceptable habits.
      • Well-regulated instincts.
      • Normal physical vitality.
      • Receptivity to new ideas.
      • Sex consciousness.
    • Measures to improve mental health:
      • Favorable and stress-free home and school environment.
      • Regular medical examination.
      • Provision of educational and vocational guidance or counseling.
      • Provision of co-curricular activities.

    Infectious and Contagious Diseases and Their Prevention

    • Classification of diseases:
      • Excremental Diseases: communicated through human excreta.
      • Droplet Infection: communicated through germs in the air.
      • Contact Diseases: communicated through direct body contact.
      • Insect Borne Diseases: communicated through blood-sucking insects.
      • Water Borne Diseases: communicated through contaminated water.
      • Animal Borne Diseases: communicated through the agency of animals.
    • Preventive measures:
      • Prevention of Excremental and Water Borne Diseases:
        • Control of water route.
        • Control of milk route.
        • Food born infection control.
        • Safe disposal of excreta.
      • Prevention of Droplet Infection:
        • Use of mask.
        • Bed spacing.
        • Screening.
        • Dust control.
        • Avoid over-crowding.
        • Proper ventilation.
        • Avoid spitting in public places.
        • Proper sunlight.
        • Proper disinfection of air.
      • Prevention of Contact Disease:
        • Complete segregation of patient.
        • No direct personal contact between patient and staff.
        • Early diagnosis.
        • Proper disposal of excreta and disinfection of articles.
      • Prevention of Insect Borne Disease:
        • Filling, leveling, and drainage of breeding places.
        • Use of kerosene oil or special oil.
        • Use of residual sprays.
        • Use of mosquito nets, screening, and mosquito repellent.
        • Control of rodents and fleas.
        • Avoid contact with sick or dead animals.
      • General preventive measures:
        • Segregation of the patient.
        • Destroying agents causing infection.
        • Disinfection of all articles in contact with the patient.### Sterilization and Disinfection
    • Sterilization by steam under pressure (autoclaving) is the most common method used in the army.
    • Freezing or freeze-drying can inactivate bacteria, but some bacteria can survive even at 0° C.
    • Radiation, including ionizing radiations like X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet radiation, can be used for sterilization, but it is an expensive method.
    • Other methods of disinfection and sterilization include infrared rays, filtration, and chemical agents like phenol, savlon, and hydrogen peroxide.

    Control of Food and Drink

    • Clean water, preferably boiled, should be served to the patient.
    • Water containers should be kept covered.
    • A balanced diet, well-cooked and hygienically prepared, should be served hot.
    • Stale, cold, or exposed food should not be served.
    • Food items from restaurants or dhabas should not be served.

    Inoculation and Vaccinations

    • Important inoculations and vaccinations are provided free of cost under various government programs.
    • These are administered at Primary Health Centers/Hospitals.
    • Important vaccinations include:
      • Inj Rabipur: prevents Rabies
      • Inj TAB: prevents Typhoid
      • Inj Hepatitis B: prevents Hepatitis B
      • Inj T T: prevents Tetanus
      • Oral Polio: prevents Polio

    First Aid in Common Medical Emergencies

    • Injuries to Internal Organs:
      • Symptoms: cold clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow sighing and breathing, pinched and pale face, and deeply sunken eyes.
      • First Aid Treatment: keep the patient warm and lying down, apply cold application on the suspected injured region, cheer up the patient, and arrange medical attention.
    • Burns and Scalds:
      • Causes: heat, chemical burns, or moist heat.
      • First Aid Treatment: protect the burnt area, give complete rest and plenty of fluids, re-assure the patient, and evacuate to the nearest hospital.
    • Snake, Scorpion, and Dog Bite:
      • First Aid Treatment: make the victim lie down comfortably, give convincing reassurance, apply a light constricting tourniquet, wash the wound, incise the skin, suck the blood, and evacuate to the nearest hospital.
    • Foreign Bodies in Eye, Ear, and Nose:
      • First Aid Treatment: remove the foreign body, wash the affected area, and seek medical attention.
    • Asphyxia:
      • Causes: drowning, hanging, strangulation, suffocation, and overdose of drugs.
      • Symptoms: dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, rapid pulse, and partial loss of consciousness.
      • First Aid Treatment: remove the cause, ensure a free passage for air, lay the individual on their back, and give mouth-to-mouth breathing.
    • Insensibility or Unconsciousness:
      • Causes: head injury, hemorrhage, heart failure, diabetic coma, and excessive narcotics.
      • Stages: delirium, patient responds to loud commands, semi-coma, and no response to any stimulus.
      • First Aid Treatment: make the patient lie down, loosen clothing, ensure fresh air, and start artificial respiration.
    • Artificial Respiration:
      • Types: Holger-Nielson Method, Schaefer's Method, and Mouth-to-Mouth Respiration.
      • First Aid Treatment: continue artificial respiration until natural breathing is restored.

    Basics of Home Nursing

    • Qualities of a Nurse:
      • A nurse should be punctual, patient, gentle, and observant.
      • A nurse should be able to record temperature and pulse accurately.
    • Bandage and its Application:
      • Different types of bandages are used for different purposes.
      • A nurse should be able to apply a bandage correctly.
    • The Sick Room Preparation:
      • A nurse should be able to prepare a sick room, including setting up the bed, arranging the furniture, and maintaining cleanliness.
    • Feeding a Helpless Patient:
      • A nurse should be able to feed a patient who is unable to eat on their own.
      • A nurse should be able to administer medicines correctly.
    • Medicines and their Administration:
      • A nurse should be able to administer medicines orally, intravenously, or through injection.
      • A nurse should be able to record the administration of medicines accurately.

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