HEA1091: Blood Vessels and Blood Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Tunica Interna layer in blood vessels?

  • Forming the inner lining of the blood vessel (correct)
  • Anchoring the vessel to surrounding tissues
  • Regulating the diameter of the lumen
  • Preventing backflow of blood

    • What is the main purpose of valves in some veins?

  • To regulate blood temperature
  • To prevent backflow of blood (correct)
  • To increase blood pressure
  • To reduce blood flow

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?

  • Regulating body temperature
  • Transporting hormones from endocrine glands
  • Storing nutrients from the GI tract (correct)
  • Transporting oxygen

    • What type of cells forms the innermost layer of the Tunica Interna?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the Tunica Externa layer in blood vessels?

    <p>Connective tissue and elastic fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the constriction of blood vessels, which can be regulated by the Tunica Media?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of this session?

    <p>Blood vessels and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of understanding normal blood vessels and blood physiology?

    <p>It helps to understand what is normal before it goes wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main types of blood vessels are there?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding blood vessels and blood in medical practice?

    <p>It is essential to understand what is normal before it goes wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you be able to do by the end of this session and with further study?

    <p>Identify the different types of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the circulatory system and blood vessels and blood?

    <p>Blood vessels and blood are part of the circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in the haemostasis process?

    <p>To adhere to the damaged vessel wall and form a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the release of serotonin by platelets during haemostasis?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vasoconstriction during haemostasis?

    <p>To reduce blood flow to the damaged area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the haemostasis process?

    <p>Healing occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the platelet plug formation during haemostasis?

    <p>A positive feedback system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of erythrocytes in the body?

    <p>To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of body weight that blood vessels and blood make up in an adult male?

    <p>8% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of albumins in the blood?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when red blood cells are removed from circulation?

    <p>Haemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukocytes in the body?

    <p>To protect the body against infection and foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the development of blood cells?

    <p>Haemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of plasma in the blood?

    <p>91.5% water and 8.5% solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>To promote blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of blood volume that is made up of red blood cells?

    <p>Haematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of blood clotting in the coagulation process?

    <p>Formation of an insoluble threadlike mesh of fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vitamin K in the coagulation process?

    <p>To synthesize 4 clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population has neither A nor B type antigens on the surface of their RBCs?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation process?

    <p>Rapid formation of prothrombin activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of people with Rh- blood type?

    <p>They are capable of making anti-Rhesus antibodies when stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the platelet plug in the coagulation process?

    <p>To provide a temporary barrier to blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the alimentary tract in adults?

    <p>10 metres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?

    <p>Mechanical digestion and propulsion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT an accessory organ of digestion?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine?

    <p>Absorption of water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules in the digestive system?

    <p>Chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total volume of secretions released into the alimentary tract per day?

    <p>7 litres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter in the stomach?

    <p>To separate the stomach from the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of HCl on salivary amylase in the stomach?

    <p>It denatures salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the production of HCl?

    <p>It facilitates the rapid conversion of H2CO3 into HCO3- and H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which bicarbonate ions and chloride ions are exchanged in the stomach?

    <p>Swap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the mixing waves in the stomach?

    <p>Formation of chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells produce HCl in the stomach?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

    <p>To prevent air from entering the oesophagus during inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are responsible for supplying the voluntary muscles of the tongue?

    <p>12th cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nasopharynx?

    <p>To play a role in respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?

    <p>Posterior to the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the oesophagus in adults?

    <p>20-40 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the frenulum in the tongue?

    <p>To attach the tongue to the floor of the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hydrogen-potassium pump in the stomach?

    <p>To transport protons from the cytoplasm into the stomach lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of gastrin binding to receptors on parietal cells?

    <p>Stimulation of parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of chloride ions in the stomach lumen?

    <p>Exchange with bicarbonate ions in the parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of potassium ions in the process of hydrochloric acid production?

    <p>Entering the parietal cells in exchange for pumped-out hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of gastrin in the stomach?

    <p>Stretching of the stomach wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product formed when chloride ions combine with protons in the stomach lumen?

    <p>Hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of somatostatin on gastric acid production?

    <p>It reduces gastric acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environment of the stomach where gastric lipase functions optimally?

    <p>Acidic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of gastric lipase on triglycerides?

    <p>Breakdown into fatty acid chains and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which somatostatin regulates digestive processes?

    <p>Negative feedback mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of salivary amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?

    <p>It partially breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of somatostatin on the contraction of the gallbladder?

    <p>It inhibits the contraction of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pharynx?

    <p>To direct food and air into the respective passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

    <p>To prevent air from entering the oesophagus during inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are responsible for the sensation of taste?

    <p>7th and 9th cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the oesophagus in relation to the heart?

    <p>Posterior to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the nasopharynx?

    <p>To aid in respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypoglossal nerves?

    <p>To supply the voluntary muscle of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive juices released into the alimentary tract?

    <p>To break down food chemically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies most of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?

    <p>Increased smooth muscle activity and glandular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?

    <p>Decreased smooth muscle activity and glandular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs release fluids into the alimentary tract?

    <p>Oral glands, stomach, intestinal glands, pancreas, and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the nerves that supply the most distal part of the GI tract?

    <p>Sacral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of somatostatin on gastrin?

    <p>Inhibit its release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of somatostatin in the stomach?

    <p>Low pH levels in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of somatostatin on parietal cells in the stomach?

    <p>Decrease the activity of H+/K+ ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of D cells in the stomach?

    <p>Gastric glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the feedback mechanism involving acidity in the stomach and G cells?

    <p>Reduce acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of somatostatin release in the stomach?

    <p>Decreased gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestion of proteins?

    <p>To break down proteins into smaller peptide fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of mucus?

    <p>Water, mucin proteins, salts, and other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of mucus from goblet cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mucus in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To trap and eliminate foreign particles, dust, and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proteins broken down into individual amino acids?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mechanical digestion in the stomach?

    <p>To mix and churn food, distributing stomach acid and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hard palate in the oral cavity?

    <p>To form the roof of the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the uvula in the oral cavity?

    <p>To separate the nasal and oral cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves are responsible for supplying the muscles of the cheeks and tongue?

    <p>V and VII cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system in salivary glands?

    <p>To control the secretion of saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the tongue?

    <p>Voluntary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the peristaltic movement in the oesophagus?

    <p>The bolus is moved towards the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers is responsible for providing support and structure to the organs in the digestive tract?

    <p>Adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier to local spread of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the serosa in the GI tract?

    <p>To provide lubrication to the movement of GI organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which vitamins, cholesterol, and water from food are absorbed into the blood or lymph?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer that lines the anterior abdominal wall?

    <p>Parietal peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the elimination of faeces from the body?

    <p>Defaecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mechanical digestion in the stomach?

    <p>Mixing and churning food to distribute stomach acid and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proteins broken down into smaller peptide fragments?

    <p>In the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of mucus?

    <p>Mucin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of mucus from goblet cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves supply the most distal part of the GI tract?

    <p>Sacral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mucus in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To trap and eliminate foreign particles, dust, and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on smooth muscle activity in the digestive system?

    <p>Increased activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluids are released by special glands into the alimentary tract?

    <p>Digestive juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the mechanical digestion in the stomach?

    <p>Proteins are broken down into smaller peptide fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the nerves that supply most of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs?

    <p>Cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?

    <p>Decreased smooth muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enzymes present in the digestive juices?

    <p>To break down food chemically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

    <p>To allow food to enter the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the angle of the oesophagus entering the stomach?

    <p>It prevents acid reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mucus in the oesophagus?

    <p>To facilitate the slide of food down the oesophagus during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of digestion is the stomach prepared for food?

    <p>Cephalic phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the stomach in relation to the diaphragm?

    <p>Inferior to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pylorus in the stomach?

    <p>It acts as a gate to control the exit of food from the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve stimulates the production of gastrin in the stomach?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucus in the digestive tract?

    <p>To protect the lining from acid and mechanical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of H2-blockers on acid production in the stomach?

    <p>They inhibit the action of histamine on parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of acetylcholine (ACH) stimulation on the stomach?

    <p>Stimulation of gastric juice production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stimulates the release of histamine in the stomach?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of parietal cells in the stomach?

    <p>To produce hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

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