123 Questions
What is the primary function of the Tunica Interna layer in blood vessels?
Forming the inner lining of the blood vessel
What is the main purpose of valves in some veins?
To prevent backflow of blood
Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?
Storing nutrients from the GI tract
What type of cells forms the innermost layer of the Tunica Interna?
Endothelial cells
What is the main component of the Tunica Externa layer in blood vessels?
Connective tissue and elastic fibres
What is the term for the constriction of blood vessels, which can be regulated by the Tunica Media?
Vasoconstriction
What is the main focus of this session?
Blood vessels and blood
What is the benefit of understanding normal blood vessels and blood physiology?
It helps to understand what is normal before it goes wrong
How many main types of blood vessels are there?
5
What is the importance of understanding blood vessels and blood in medical practice?
It is essential to understand what is normal before it goes wrong
What should you be able to do by the end of this session and with further study?
Identify the different types of blood vessels
What is the relationship between the circulatory system and blood vessels and blood?
Blood vessels and blood are part of the circulatory system
What is the role of platelets in the haemostasis process?
To adhere to the damaged vessel wall and form a platelet plug
What is the result of the release of serotonin by platelets during haemostasis?
Vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow
What is the purpose of vasoconstriction during haemostasis?
To reduce blood flow to the damaged area
What is the outcome of the haemostasis process?
Healing occurs
What is the nature of the platelet plug formation during haemostasis?
A positive feedback system
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the body?
To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body cells
What is the approximate percentage of body weight that blood vessels and blood make up in an adult male?
8% of body weight
What is the function of albumins in the blood?
All of the above
What is the process called when red blood cells are removed from circulation?
Haemolysis
What is the function of leukocytes in the body?
To protect the body against infection and foreign substances
What is the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
What is the term for the development of blood cells?
Haemopoiesis
What is the composition of plasma in the blood?
91.5% water and 8.5% solutes
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
To promote blood clotting
What is the term for the percentage of blood volume that is made up of red blood cells?
Haematocrit
What is the result of blood clotting in the coagulation process?
Formation of an insoluble threadlike mesh of fibrin
What is the purpose of vitamin K in the coagulation process?
To synthesize 4 clotting factors
What percentage of the population has neither A nor B type antigens on the surface of their RBCs?
45%
What is the result of the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation process?
Rapid formation of prothrombin activator
What is the characteristic of people with Rh- blood type?
They are capable of making anti-Rhesus antibodies when stimulated
What is the purpose of the platelet plug in the coagulation process?
To provide a temporary barrier to blood flow
What is the approximate length of the alimentary tract in adults?
10 metres
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
Mechanical digestion and propulsion of food
Which of the following organs is NOT an accessory organ of digestion?
Stomach
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorption of water and electrolytes
What is the term for the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules in the digestive system?
Chemical digestion
What is the total volume of secretions released into the alimentary tract per day?
7 litres
What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter in the stomach?
To separate the stomach from the duodenum
What is the effect of HCl on salivary amylase in the stomach?
It denatures salivary amylase
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the production of HCl?
It facilitates the rapid conversion of H2CO3 into HCO3- and H+
What is the process by which bicarbonate ions and chloride ions are exchanged in the stomach?
Swap
What is the result of the mixing waves in the stomach?
Formation of chyme
What type of cells produce HCl in the stomach?
Parietal cells
What is the purpose of the upper oesophageal sphincter?
To prevent air from entering the oesophagus during inspiration
Which cranial nerves are responsible for supplying the voluntary muscles of the tongue?
12th cranial nerves
What is the function of the nasopharynx?
To play a role in respiration
What is the location of the oesophagus in relation to the trachea?
Posterior to the trachea
What is the approximate length of the oesophagus in adults?
20-40 cm
What is the purpose of the frenulum in the tongue?
To attach the tongue to the floor of the mouth
What is the primary function of the hydrogen-potassium pump in the stomach?
To transport protons from the cytoplasm into the stomach lumen
What is the result of gastrin binding to receptors on parietal cells?
Stimulation of parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid
What is the source of chloride ions in the stomach lumen?
Exchange with bicarbonate ions in the parietal cells
What is the role of potassium ions in the process of hydrochloric acid production?
Entering the parietal cells in exchange for pumped-out hydrogen ions
What triggers the release of gastrin in the stomach?
Stretching of the stomach wall
What is the final product formed when chloride ions combine with protons in the stomach lumen?
Hydrochloric acid
What is the effect of somatostatin on gastric acid production?
It reduces gastric acid production
What is the environment of the stomach where gastric lipase functions optimally?
Acidic environment
What is the primary action of gastric lipase on triglycerides?
Breakdown into fatty acid chains and glycerol
What is the mechanism by which somatostatin regulates digestive processes?
Negative feedback mechanism
What is the role of salivary amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates?
It partially breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth
What is the effect of somatostatin on the contraction of the gallbladder?
It inhibits the contraction of the gallbladder
What is the main function of the pharynx?
To direct food and air into the respective passages
What is the function of the lower oesophageal sphincter?
To prevent air from entering the oesophagus during inspiration
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the sensation of taste?
7th and 9th cranial nerves
What is the location of the oesophagus in relation to the heart?
Posterior to the heart
What is the purpose of the nasopharynx?
To aid in respiration
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerves?
To supply the voluntary muscle of the tongue
What is the primary function of the digestive juices released into the alimentary tract?
To break down food chemically
Which nerve supplies most of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs?
Vagus nerve
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?
Increased smooth muscle activity and glandular secretion
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?
Decreased smooth muscle activity and glandular secretion
Which organs release fluids into the alimentary tract?
Oral glands, stomach, intestinal glands, pancreas, and liver
What is the origin of the nerves that supply the most distal part of the GI tract?
Sacral nerves
What is the primary action of somatostatin on gastrin?
Inhibit its release
What triggers the release of somatostatin in the stomach?
Low pH levels in the stomach
What is the effect of somatostatin on parietal cells in the stomach?
Decrease the activity of H+/K+ ATPase
What is the location of D cells in the stomach?
Gastric glands
What is the purpose of the feedback mechanism involving acidity in the stomach and G cells?
Reduce acid production
What is the outcome of somatostatin release in the stomach?
Decreased gastric acid secretion
What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestion of proteins?
To break down proteins into smaller peptide fragments
What is the composition of mucus?
Water, mucin proteins, salts, and other substances
What triggers the release of mucus from goblet cells?
All of the above
What is the role of mucus in the respiratory tract?
To trap and eliminate foreign particles, dust, and pathogens
Where are proteins broken down into individual amino acids?
Small intestine
What is the purpose of mechanical digestion in the stomach?
To mix and churn food, distributing stomach acid and enzymes
What is the purpose of the hard palate in the oral cavity?
To form the roof of the oral cavity
What is the function of the uvula in the oral cavity?
To separate the nasal and oral cavities
Which nerves are responsible for supplying the muscles of the cheeks and tongue?
V and VII cranial nerves
What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system in salivary glands?
To control the secretion of saliva
What is the composition of the tongue?
Voluntary muscle
What is the result of the peristaltic movement in the oesophagus?
The bolus is moved towards the stomach
Which of the following layers is responsible for providing support and structure to the organs in the digestive tract?
Adventitia
What is the function of the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity?
To provide a physical barrier to local spread of infection
What is the purpose of the serosa in the GI tract?
To provide lubrication to the movement of GI organs
What is the process by which vitamins, cholesterol, and water from food are absorbed into the blood or lymph?
Absorption
What is the layer that lines the anterior abdominal wall?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the term for the elimination of faeces from the body?
Defaecation
What is the primary function of mechanical digestion in the stomach?
Mixing and churning food to distribute stomach acid and enzymes
Where are proteins broken down into smaller peptide fragments?
In the stomach
What is the main component of mucus?
Mucin proteins
What stimulates the release of mucus from goblet cells?
All of the above
What type of nerves supply the most distal part of the GI tract?
Sacral nerves
What is the function of mucus in the respiratory tract?
To trap and eliminate foreign particles, dust, and pathogens
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on smooth muscle activity in the digestive system?
Increased activity
What type of fluids are released by special glands into the alimentary tract?
Digestive juices
What is the result of the mechanical digestion in the stomach?
Proteins are broken down into smaller peptide fragments
What is the origin of the nerves that supply most of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs?
Cranial nerves
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system?
Decreased smooth muscle activity
What is the role of the enzymes present in the digestive juices?
To break down food chemically
What is the main function of the lower oesophageal sphincter?
To allow food to enter the stomach
What is the significance of the angle of the oesophagus entering the stomach?
It prevents acid reflux
What is the role of mucus in the oesophagus?
To facilitate the slide of food down the oesophagus during swallowing
During which phase of digestion is the stomach prepared for food?
Cephalic phase
What is the location of the stomach in relation to the diaphragm?
Inferior to the diaphragm
What is the function of the pylorus in the stomach?
It acts as a gate to control the exit of food from the stomach
Which nerve stimulates the production of gastrin in the stomach?
Vagus nerve
What is the primary function of mucus in the digestive tract?
To protect the lining from acid and mechanical damage
What is the effect of H2-blockers on acid production in the stomach?
They inhibit the action of histamine on parietal cells
What is the result of acetylcholine (ACH) stimulation on the stomach?
Stimulation of gastric juice production
Which of the following stimulates the release of histamine in the stomach?
All of the above
What is the purpose of parietal cells in the stomach?
To produce hydrochloric acid
This quiz covers the basics of blood vessels and blood, including the layers of blood vessels, different types, functions of blood, and components of blood. It also explores the formation and destruction of blood cells and factors that affect blood flow.
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