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Questions and Answers
What term refers to the movement of toes upward?
What term refers to the movement of toes upward?
- Extension
- Dorsiflexion (correct)
- Plantarflexion
- Abduction
Which type of tissue primarily provides support in the body?
Which type of tissue primarily provides support in the body?
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Connective tissue (correct)
- Epithelial tissue
What is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
What is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
- Has one free surface (correct)
- Vascular with blood supply
- Incapable of regeneration
- Contains a dense extracellular matrix
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers?
Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers?
What distinguishes dense connective tissue from loose connective tissue?
What distinguishes dense connective tissue from loose connective tissue?
What describes the movement of a body part away from the midline?
What describes the movement of a body part away from the midline?
Which type of cartilage is characterized by a dense ground substance and provides flexibility?
Which type of cartilage is characterized by a dense ground substance and provides flexibility?
Which connective tissue is primarily found around deep organs and has a gelatinous ground substance?
Which connective tissue is primarily found around deep organs and has a gelatinous ground substance?
What is the primary function of the secretory membrane system in cells?
What is the primary function of the secretory membrane system in cells?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship of an anatomical structure?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship of an anatomical structure?
What is an anatomical fact?
What is an anatomical fact?
How does the heart function according to its anatomical principle?
How does the heart function according to its anatomical principle?
In which anatomical direction is the heart located in relation to the sternum?
In which anatomical direction is the heart located in relation to the sternum?
Which plane divides the body into left and right sections?
Which plane divides the body into left and right sections?
What term describes the position of the fingers in relation to the shoulder?
What term describes the position of the fingers in relation to the shoulder?
Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical position?
Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical position?
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Study Notes
Secretory Membrane System
- Regulates delivery of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to the cell surface.
- Essential for growth and maintaining homeostasis.
Anatomy
- Study of body structures in relation to their functions.
Embryology
- Focuses on development processes of organisms.
Anatomical Facts and Concepts
- Anatomical fact: Isolated observation or statement, does not imply function.
- Concepts: Structures or events with shared characteristics (what, where, why).
- Principle: Generalization about recurring patterns.
The Heart
- Fact: Pumps blood throughout the body, classified as an internal organ.
- Concept: Hollow visceral organ with cardiac muscle walls, located in the thoracic cavity.
- Functions through electrical impulses and pressure systems to oxygenate the body and expel carbon dioxide.
- Principle: Structure reflects function; pressure gradients enable blood movement, analogous to lung function.
Anatomical Relations
- Anterior: front; Posterior: back.
- Superior: towards the top; Inferior: towards the bottom.
- Proximal: closer to the point of attachment (shoulder); Distal: farther from attachment (fingers).
- Medial: towards the center; Lateral: towards the side.
- Superficial: closer to the skin; Deep: closer to internal organs.
- Example: Heart is deep to the sternum.
Plane of Reference
- Eyes and palms facing forward.
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right halves.
- Coronal (frontal) plane: Divides into front and back.
- Transverse: Divides into top and bottom.
Movement Terminology
- Flexion: contracting; Extension: lengthening.
- Dorsiflexion: toes up; Plantar: toes down.
- Abduction: moving away from body; Adduction: moving towards body.
- Pronation: palm down; Supination: palm up.
- Circumduction: circular movement.
- Depression: moving down; Elevation: moving up.
- Protraction: moving jaw forward; Retraction: moving jaw backward.
Body Tissues
- Four basic types of tissue:
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces.
- Connective: Provides support and structure.
- Muscle: Responsible for contraction.
- Nervous: Controls body functions through information supply.
Epithelial Tissue
- Features:
- Specialized connections between cells.
- One free surface exposed to the environment.
- Supported by connective tissue and innervated but avascular (no blood vessels).
- Notable regenerative abilities.
- Squamous: Thin and flat cells; can form layers (stratified).
- Present in structures like the esophagus and trachea.
Connective Tissue
- Composed of specialized cells, fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular), and ground substance.
- Forms extracellular matrix, which is the environment outside cells.
- Types of connective properties:
- Loose connective tissue (e.g., areolar and adipose).
- Dense connective tissue (e.g., deep fascia, tendons, ligaments).
- Cartilage (hyaline and fibrocartilage).
- Bone (compact and cancellous).
- Blood.
Loose Connective Tissue
- Gelatinous ground substance with a variety of cells.
- Loose fiber arrangement, often appearing porous (areolar).
- Found in adipose tissue and surrounding deep organs.
Dense Connective Tissue
- Characterized by strong fibers forming tendons, ligaments, and deep fascia.
- Deep fascia consists of irregular dense connective tissue, allowing for flexibility and movement in multiple directions.
Cartilage
- Noted for dense ground substance, with cells housed in small cavities (lacunae).
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