HBS1HBB – Introduction to Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What term refers to the movement of toes upward?

Extension

Dorsiflexion (correct)

Plantarflexion

Abduction

Which type of tissue primarily provides support in the body?

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Connective tissue (correct)

Epithelial tissue

What is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?

Has one free surface (correct)

Vascular with blood supply

Incapable of regeneration

Contains a dense extracellular matrix

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dense connective tissue from loose connective tissue?

Higher fiber density Signup and view all the answers

What describes the movement of a body part away from the midline?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is characterized by a dense ground substance and provides flexibility?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is primarily found around deep organs and has a gelatinous ground substance?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the secretory membrane system in cells?

To regulate the delivery of newly synthesized biomolecules to the cell surface Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship of an anatomical structure?

Inferior means towards the bottom of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is an anatomical fact?

An isolated observation that does not provide functional context Signup and view all the answers

How does the heart function according to its anatomical principle?

It uses electrical impulses while relying on pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

In which anatomical direction is the heart located in relation to the sternum?

Deep Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into left and right sections?

Sagittal plane Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the position of the fingers in relation to the shoulder?

Distal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical position?

Eyes forward, palms and toes facing forward Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Secretory Membrane System

Regulates delivery of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to the cell surface.
Essential for growth and maintaining homeostasis.

Anatomy

Study of body structures in relation to their functions.

Embryology

Focuses on development processes of organisms.

Anatomical Facts and Concepts

Anatomical fact: Isolated observation or statement, does not imply function.
Concepts: Structures or events with shared characteristics (what, where, why).
Principle: Generalization about recurring patterns.

The Heart

Fact: Pumps blood throughout the body, classified as an internal organ.
Concept: Hollow visceral organ with cardiac muscle walls, located in the thoracic cavity.
Functions through electrical impulses and pressure systems to oxygenate the body and expel carbon dioxide.
Principle: Structure reflects function; pressure gradients enable blood movement, analogous to lung function.

Anatomical Relations

Anterior: front; Posterior: back.
Superior: towards the top; Inferior: towards the bottom.
Proximal: closer to the point of attachment (shoulder); Distal: farther from attachment (fingers).
Medial: towards the center; Lateral: towards the side.
Superficial: closer to the skin; Deep: closer to internal organs.
Example: Heart is deep to the sternum.

Plane of Reference

Eyes and palms facing forward.
Sagittal: Divides body into left and right halves.
Coronal (frontal) plane: Divides into front and back.
Transverse: Divides into top and bottom.

Movement Terminology

Flexion: contracting; Extension: lengthening.
Dorsiflexion: toes up; Plantar: toes down.
Abduction: moving away from body; Adduction: moving towards body.
Pronation: palm down; Supination: palm up.
Circumduction: circular movement.
Depression: moving down; Elevation: moving up.
Protraction: moving jaw forward; Retraction: moving jaw backward.

Body Tissues

Four basic types of tissue:
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces.
- Connective: Provides support and structure.
- Muscle: Responsible for contraction.
- Nervous: Controls body functions through information supply.

Epithelial Tissue

Features:
- Specialized connections between cells.
- One free surface exposed to the environment.
- Supported by connective tissue and innervated but avascular (no blood vessels).
- Notable regenerative abilities.
Squamous: Thin and flat cells; can form layers (stratified).
Present in structures like the esophagus and trachea.

Connective Tissue

Composed of specialized cells, fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular), and ground substance.
Forms extracellular matrix, which is the environment outside cells.
Types of connective properties:
- Loose connective tissue (e.g., areolar and adipose).
- Dense connective tissue (e.g., deep fascia, tendons, ligaments).
- Cartilage (hyaline and fibrocartilage).
- Bone (compact and cancellous).
- Blood.

Loose Connective Tissue

Gelatinous ground substance with a variety of cells.
Loose fiber arrangement, often appearing porous (areolar).
Found in adipose tissue and surrounding deep organs.

Dense Connective Tissue

Characterized by strong fibers forming tendons, ligaments, and deep fascia.
Deep fascia consists of irregular dense connective tissue, allowing for flexibility and movement in multiple directions.

Cartilage

Noted for dense ground substance, with cells housed in small cavities (lacunae).

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of anatomy in this quiz. Understand how the secretory membrane system contributes to cellular functions and the importance of anatomical facts in relating structure to function. Dive into embryology and the development of body structures.